Development of a Quantitative Real-time Nucleic Acid Sequence based Amplification (NASBA) Assay for Early Detection of Apple scar skin viroid

An assay for detecting Apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd) was developed based on nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA) in combination with real-time detection during the amplification process using molecular beacon. The ASSVd specific primers for amplification of the viroid RNA and molecular beacon for detecting the viroid were designed based on highly conserved regions of several ASSVd sequences including Korean isolate. The assay had a detection range of 1 × 10(4) to 1 × 10(12) ASSVd RNA copies/μl with reproducibility and precision. Following the construction of standard curves based on time to positive (TTP) value for the serial dilutions ranging from 1 × 10(7) to 1 × 10(12) copies of the recombinant plasmid, a standard regression line was constructed by plotting the TTP values versus the logarithm of the starting ASSVd RNA copy number of 10-fold dilutions each. Compared to the established RT-PCR methods, our method was more sensitive for detecting ASSVd. The real-time quantitative NASBA method will be fast, sensitive, and reliable for routine diagnosis and selection of viroid-free stock materials. Furthermore, real-time quantitative NASBA may be especially useful for detecting low levels in apple trees with early viroid-infection stage and for monitoring the influence on tree growth.