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Bioaccumulation and Distribution of Indospicine and Its Foregut Metabolites in Camels Fed Indigofera spicata

In vitro experiments have demonstrated that camel foregut-fluid has the capacity to metabolize indospicine, a natural toxin which causes hepatotoxicosis, but such metabolism is in competition with absorption and outflow of indospicine from the different segments of the digestive system. Six young ca...

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Autores principales: Netzel, Gabriele, Tan, Eddie T. T., Yin, Mukan, Giles, Cindy, Yong, Ken W. L., Al Jassim, Rafat, Fletcher, Mary T.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6468780/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30893830
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11030169
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author Netzel, Gabriele
Tan, Eddie T. T.
Yin, Mukan
Giles, Cindy
Yong, Ken W. L.
Al Jassim, Rafat
Fletcher, Mary T.
author_facet Netzel, Gabriele
Tan, Eddie T. T.
Yin, Mukan
Giles, Cindy
Yong, Ken W. L.
Al Jassim, Rafat
Fletcher, Mary T.
author_sort Netzel, Gabriele
collection PubMed
description In vitro experiments have demonstrated that camel foregut-fluid has the capacity to metabolize indospicine, a natural toxin which causes hepatotoxicosis, but such metabolism is in competition with absorption and outflow of indospicine from the different segments of the digestive system. Six young camels were fed Indigofera spicata (337 µg indospicine/kg BW/day) for 32 days, at which time three camels were euthanized. The remaining camels were monitored for a further 100 days after cessation of this indospicine diet. In a retrospective investigation, relative levels of indospicine foregut-metabolism products were examined by UHPLC-MS/MS in plasma, collected during both accumulation and depletion stages of this experiment. The metabolite 2-aminopimelamic acid could be detected at low levels in almost all plasma samples, whereas 2-aminopimelic acid could not be detected. In the euthanized camels, 2-aminopimelamic acid could be found in all tissues except muscle, whereas 2-aminopimelic acid was only found in the kidney, pancreas, and liver tissues. The clearance rate for these metabolites was considerably greater than for indospicine, which was still present in plasma of the remaining camels 100 days after cessation of Indigofera consumption.
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spelling pubmed-64687802019-04-22 Bioaccumulation and Distribution of Indospicine and Its Foregut Metabolites in Camels Fed Indigofera spicata Netzel, Gabriele Tan, Eddie T. T. Yin, Mukan Giles, Cindy Yong, Ken W. L. Al Jassim, Rafat Fletcher, Mary T. Toxins (Basel) Article In vitro experiments have demonstrated that camel foregut-fluid has the capacity to metabolize indospicine, a natural toxin which causes hepatotoxicosis, but such metabolism is in competition with absorption and outflow of indospicine from the different segments of the digestive system. Six young camels were fed Indigofera spicata (337 µg indospicine/kg BW/day) for 32 days, at which time three camels were euthanized. The remaining camels were monitored for a further 100 days after cessation of this indospicine diet. In a retrospective investigation, relative levels of indospicine foregut-metabolism products were examined by UHPLC-MS/MS in plasma, collected during both accumulation and depletion stages of this experiment. The metabolite 2-aminopimelamic acid could be detected at low levels in almost all plasma samples, whereas 2-aminopimelic acid could not be detected. In the euthanized camels, 2-aminopimelamic acid could be found in all tissues except muscle, whereas 2-aminopimelic acid was only found in the kidney, pancreas, and liver tissues. The clearance rate for these metabolites was considerably greater than for indospicine, which was still present in plasma of the remaining camels 100 days after cessation of Indigofera consumption. MDPI 2019-03-19 /pmc/articles/PMC6468780/ /pubmed/30893830 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11030169 Text en © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Netzel, Gabriele
Tan, Eddie T. T.
Yin, Mukan
Giles, Cindy
Yong, Ken W. L.
Al Jassim, Rafat
Fletcher, Mary T.
Bioaccumulation and Distribution of Indospicine and Its Foregut Metabolites in Camels Fed Indigofera spicata
title Bioaccumulation and Distribution of Indospicine and Its Foregut Metabolites in Camels Fed Indigofera spicata
title_full Bioaccumulation and Distribution of Indospicine and Its Foregut Metabolites in Camels Fed Indigofera spicata
title_fullStr Bioaccumulation and Distribution of Indospicine and Its Foregut Metabolites in Camels Fed Indigofera spicata
title_full_unstemmed Bioaccumulation and Distribution of Indospicine and Its Foregut Metabolites in Camels Fed Indigofera spicata
title_short Bioaccumulation and Distribution of Indospicine and Its Foregut Metabolites in Camels Fed Indigofera spicata
title_sort bioaccumulation and distribution of indospicine and its foregut metabolites in camels fed indigofera spicata
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6468780/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30893830
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11030169
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