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Measuring Reference-Free Total Displacements of Piles and Columns Using Low-Cost, Battery-Powered, Efficient Wireless Intelligent Sensors (LEWIS2)

Currently, over half of the U.S.’s railroad bridges are more than 100 years old. Railroad managers ensure that the proper Maintenance, Repair, and Replacement (MRR) of rail infrastructure is prioritized to safely adapt to the increasing traffic demand. By 2035, the demand for U.S. railroad transport...

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Autores principales: Aguero, Marlon, Ozdagli, Ali, Moreu, Fernando
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6479632/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30935062
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19071549
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author Aguero, Marlon
Ozdagli, Ali
Moreu, Fernando
author_facet Aguero, Marlon
Ozdagli, Ali
Moreu, Fernando
author_sort Aguero, Marlon
collection PubMed
description Currently, over half of the U.S.’s railroad bridges are more than 100 years old. Railroad managers ensure that the proper Maintenance, Repair, and Replacement (MRR) of rail infrastructure is prioritized to safely adapt to the increasing traffic demand. By 2035, the demand for U.S. railroad transportation will increase by 88%, which indicates that considerable expenditure is necessary to upgrade rail infrastructure. Railroad bridge managers need to use their limited funds for bridge MRR to make informed decisions about safety. Consequently, they require economical and reliable methods to receive objective data about bridge displacements under service loads. Current methods of measuring displacements are often expensive. Wired sensors, such as Linear Variable Differential Transformers (LVDTs), require time-consuming installation and involve high labor and maintenance costs. Wireless sensors (WS) are easier to install and maintain but are in general technologically complex and costly. This paper summarizes the development and validation of LEWIS2, the second version of the real-time, low-cost, efficient wireless intelligent sensor (LEWIS) for measuring and autonomously storing reference-free total transverse displacements. The new features of LEWIS2 include portability, accuracy, cost-effectiveness, and readiness for field application. This research evaluates the effectiveness of LEWIS2 for measuring displacements through a series of laboratory experiments. The experiments demonstrate that LEWIS2 can accurately estimate reference-free total displacements, with a maximum error of only 11% in comparison with the LVDT, while it costs less than 5% of the average price of commercial wireless sensors.
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spelling pubmed-64796322019-04-29 Measuring Reference-Free Total Displacements of Piles and Columns Using Low-Cost, Battery-Powered, Efficient Wireless Intelligent Sensors (LEWIS2) Aguero, Marlon Ozdagli, Ali Moreu, Fernando Sensors (Basel) Article Currently, over half of the U.S.’s railroad bridges are more than 100 years old. Railroad managers ensure that the proper Maintenance, Repair, and Replacement (MRR) of rail infrastructure is prioritized to safely adapt to the increasing traffic demand. By 2035, the demand for U.S. railroad transportation will increase by 88%, which indicates that considerable expenditure is necessary to upgrade rail infrastructure. Railroad bridge managers need to use their limited funds for bridge MRR to make informed decisions about safety. Consequently, they require economical and reliable methods to receive objective data about bridge displacements under service loads. Current methods of measuring displacements are often expensive. Wired sensors, such as Linear Variable Differential Transformers (LVDTs), require time-consuming installation and involve high labor and maintenance costs. Wireless sensors (WS) are easier to install and maintain but are in general technologically complex and costly. This paper summarizes the development and validation of LEWIS2, the second version of the real-time, low-cost, efficient wireless intelligent sensor (LEWIS) for measuring and autonomously storing reference-free total transverse displacements. The new features of LEWIS2 include portability, accuracy, cost-effectiveness, and readiness for field application. This research evaluates the effectiveness of LEWIS2 for measuring displacements through a series of laboratory experiments. The experiments demonstrate that LEWIS2 can accurately estimate reference-free total displacements, with a maximum error of only 11% in comparison with the LVDT, while it costs less than 5% of the average price of commercial wireless sensors. MDPI 2019-03-30 /pmc/articles/PMC6479632/ /pubmed/30935062 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19071549 Text en © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Aguero, Marlon
Ozdagli, Ali
Moreu, Fernando
Measuring Reference-Free Total Displacements of Piles and Columns Using Low-Cost, Battery-Powered, Efficient Wireless Intelligent Sensors (LEWIS2)
title Measuring Reference-Free Total Displacements of Piles and Columns Using Low-Cost, Battery-Powered, Efficient Wireless Intelligent Sensors (LEWIS2)
title_full Measuring Reference-Free Total Displacements of Piles and Columns Using Low-Cost, Battery-Powered, Efficient Wireless Intelligent Sensors (LEWIS2)
title_fullStr Measuring Reference-Free Total Displacements of Piles and Columns Using Low-Cost, Battery-Powered, Efficient Wireless Intelligent Sensors (LEWIS2)
title_full_unstemmed Measuring Reference-Free Total Displacements of Piles and Columns Using Low-Cost, Battery-Powered, Efficient Wireless Intelligent Sensors (LEWIS2)
title_short Measuring Reference-Free Total Displacements of Piles and Columns Using Low-Cost, Battery-Powered, Efficient Wireless Intelligent Sensors (LEWIS2)
title_sort measuring reference-free total displacements of piles and columns using low-cost, battery-powered, efficient wireless intelligent sensors (lewis2)
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6479632/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30935062
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19071549
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