Cargando…
Increased Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-D Following Brain Injury
Alterations in the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) A and B occur during blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and angiogenesis following brain injury. In this study, the temporal and spatial expression of VEGF-D and VEGF receptors-2 and -3 (VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3, respectivel...
Autores principales: | , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2019
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6479775/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30935023 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20071594 |
_version_ | 1783413422968274944 |
---|---|
author | Nag, Sukriti Manias, Janet Eubanks, James H. Stewart, Duncan J. |
author_facet | Nag, Sukriti Manias, Janet Eubanks, James H. Stewart, Duncan J. |
author_sort | Nag, Sukriti |
collection | PubMed |
description | Alterations in the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) A and B occur during blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and angiogenesis following brain injury. In this study, the temporal and spatial expression of VEGF-D and VEGF receptors-2 and -3 (VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3, respectively) was determined at the mRNA and protein level in the rat cortical cold-injury model over a period of 0.5 to 6 days post-injury. In order to relate endothelial VEGF-D protein expression with BBB breakdown, dual labeling immunofluorescence was performed using antibodies to VEGF-D and to fibronectin, a marker of BBB breakdown. In control rats, VEGF-D signal was only observed in scattered perivascular macrophages in the cerebral cortex. The upregulation of VEGF-D mRNA expression was observed in the injury site between days 0.5 to 4, coinciding with the period of BBB breakdown and angiogenesis. At the protein level, intracerebral vessels with BBB breakdown to fibronectin in the lesion on days 0.5 to 4 failed to show endothelial VEGF-D. Between days 0.5 to 6, an increased VEGF-D immunoreactivity was noted in the endothelium of pial vessels overlying the lesion site, in neutrophils, macrophages, and free endothelial cells within the lesion. The upregulation of VEGFR-2 and -3 mRNA and protein expression was observed early post-injury on day 0.5. Although there was concurrent expression of VEGF-A, VEGF-B, and VEGF-D post-injury, differences in their spatial expression during BBB breakdown and angiogenesis suggest that they have specific and separate roles in these processes. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6479775 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2019 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-64797752019-04-29 Increased Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-D Following Brain Injury Nag, Sukriti Manias, Janet Eubanks, James H. Stewart, Duncan J. Int J Mol Sci Article Alterations in the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) A and B occur during blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and angiogenesis following brain injury. In this study, the temporal and spatial expression of VEGF-D and VEGF receptors-2 and -3 (VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3, respectively) was determined at the mRNA and protein level in the rat cortical cold-injury model over a period of 0.5 to 6 days post-injury. In order to relate endothelial VEGF-D protein expression with BBB breakdown, dual labeling immunofluorescence was performed using antibodies to VEGF-D and to fibronectin, a marker of BBB breakdown. In control rats, VEGF-D signal was only observed in scattered perivascular macrophages in the cerebral cortex. The upregulation of VEGF-D mRNA expression was observed in the injury site between days 0.5 to 4, coinciding with the period of BBB breakdown and angiogenesis. At the protein level, intracerebral vessels with BBB breakdown to fibronectin in the lesion on days 0.5 to 4 failed to show endothelial VEGF-D. Between days 0.5 to 6, an increased VEGF-D immunoreactivity was noted in the endothelium of pial vessels overlying the lesion site, in neutrophils, macrophages, and free endothelial cells within the lesion. The upregulation of VEGFR-2 and -3 mRNA and protein expression was observed early post-injury on day 0.5. Although there was concurrent expression of VEGF-A, VEGF-B, and VEGF-D post-injury, differences in their spatial expression during BBB breakdown and angiogenesis suggest that they have specific and separate roles in these processes. MDPI 2019-03-30 /pmc/articles/PMC6479775/ /pubmed/30935023 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20071594 Text en © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Nag, Sukriti Manias, Janet Eubanks, James H. Stewart, Duncan J. Increased Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-D Following Brain Injury |
title | Increased Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-D Following Brain Injury |
title_full | Increased Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-D Following Brain Injury |
title_fullStr | Increased Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-D Following Brain Injury |
title_full_unstemmed | Increased Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-D Following Brain Injury |
title_short | Increased Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-D Following Brain Injury |
title_sort | increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-d following brain injury |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6479775/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30935023 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20071594 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT nagsukriti increasedexpressionofvascularendothelialgrowthfactordfollowingbraininjury AT maniasjanet increasedexpressionofvascularendothelialgrowthfactordfollowingbraininjury AT eubanksjamesh increasedexpressionofvascularendothelialgrowthfactordfollowingbraininjury AT stewartduncanj increasedexpressionofvascularendothelialgrowthfactordfollowingbraininjury |