Compound Retention in Care and All-Cause Mortality Among Persons Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus

BACKGROUND: To obtain optimal health outcomes, persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) must be retained in clinical care. We examined the relationships between 4 possible combinations of 2 separate retention measures (missed visits and the Institute of Medicine [IOM] indicator) and all-cause mortality. METHODS: The sample included 4162 antiretroviral therapy (ART)–naive patients who started ART between January 2000 and July 2010 at any of 5 US sites of the Center for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems. The independent variable of interest was retention, captured over the 12-month period after the initiation of ART. The study outcome, all-cause mortality 1 year after ART initiation, was determined by querying the Social Security Death Index or the National Death Index. We evaluated the associations of the 4 categories of retention with all-cause mortality, using the Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: Ten percent of patients did not meet retention standards for either measure (hazard ratio [HR], 2.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.59–3.21). Patients retained by the IOM but not the missed-visits measure (42%) had a higher HR for mortality (1.72; 95% CI, 1.33–2.21) than patients retained by both measures (41%). Patients retained by the missed-visits but not the IOM measure (6%) had the same mortality hazards as patients retained by both measures (HR, 1.01; 95% CI, .54–1.87). CONCLUSIONS: Missed visits within the first 12 months of ART initiation are a major risk factor for subsequent death. Incorporating missed visits in clinical and public health retention and viral suppression programming is advised.