IL‐35Ig–expressing dendritic cells induce tolerance via Arginase 1

The cytokine interleukin IL‐35 is known to exert strong immunosuppressive functions. Indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and Arginase 1 (Arg1) are metabolic enzymes that, expressed by dendritic cells (DCs), contribute to immunoregulation. Here, we explored any possible link between IL‐35 and the activity of those enzymes. We transfected a single chain IL‐35Ig gene construct in murine splenic DCs (DC (35)) and assessed any IDO1 and Arg1 activities as resulting from ectopic IL‐35Ig expression, both in vitro and in vivo. Unlike Ido1, Arg1 expression was induced in vitro in DC (35), and it conferred an immunosuppressive phenotype on those cells, as revealed by a delayed‐type hypersensitivity assay. Moreover, the in vivo onset of a tolerogenic phenotype in DC (35) was associated with the detection of CD25(+) CD39(+), rather than Foxp3(+), regulatory T cells. Therefore, Arg1, but not Ido1, expression in DC (35) appears to be an early event in IL‐35Ig–mediated immunosuppression.