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Using Virtual Reality Environments to Augment Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Fears and Phobias in Autistic Adults

Fears and phobias are common in people on the autism spectrum and can impact on their ability to undertake usual daily activities. Graded exposure to the anxiety-provoking stimulus is a recognized method of treatment for fears/phobias in the nonautistic population but may pose specific difficulties...

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Autores principales: Maskey, Morag, Rodgers, Jacqui, Ingham, Barry, Freeston, Mark, Evans, Gemma, Labus, Marie, Parr, Jeremy R.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6485262/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31032480
http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aut.2018.0019
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author Maskey, Morag
Rodgers, Jacqui
Ingham, Barry
Freeston, Mark
Evans, Gemma
Labus, Marie
Parr, Jeremy R.
author_facet Maskey, Morag
Rodgers, Jacqui
Ingham, Barry
Freeston, Mark
Evans, Gemma
Labus, Marie
Parr, Jeremy R.
author_sort Maskey, Morag
collection PubMed
description Fears and phobias are common in people on the autism spectrum and can impact on their ability to undertake usual daily activities. Graded exposure to the anxiety-provoking stimulus is a recognized method of treatment for fears/phobias in the nonautistic population but may pose specific difficulties for autistic people. For example, real-life exposure can be too anxiety-provoking to allow treatment to take place, and imaginal exposure can be problematic. To address this, we developed an intervention that combines cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with immersive virtual reality (VR) exposure to reduce anxiety. Following successful trials of this intervention with young people on the autism spectrum, we report a pilot study using the same intervention with autistic adults. Eight adults (aged 18–57 years) received one psychoeducation session and then four 20-minute sessions of graded exposure with a therapist in an immersive VR room (known as the Blue Room). Each participant completed all sessions showing that the intervention is feasible and acceptable. Outcomes were monitored at 6 weeks and 6 months postintervention. Five of the eight participants were classified as intervention responders and at 6 months after the end of intervention were experiencing real-life functional improvements. These preliminary findings show that VR-graded exposure alongside CBT may be an effective treatment for autistic people with phobias. LAY SUMMARY: Why was this study done? Anxiety is common in autistic adults. For some people, fears and phobias regarding everyday objects and situations occur frequently affecting everyday life. The main method to treat fears and phobias for people without autism is gradual exposure to the situation that causes anxiety. However, this method may be challenging for people on the autism spectrum. We wanted to test a new method of treatment that uses cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) delivered with gradual exposure in a fully immersive virtual reality (VR) environment. What was the purpose of this study? We have already delivered this treatment successfully with autistic children. We wanted to test if this treatment would work for autistic adults. Changing traditional psychological treatments, such as CBT, to make it more suitable for autistic people is recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. What did the researchers do? We recruited eight autistic adults (aged 18–57 years) with a fear/phobia and their supporter (parent/friend/support worker). Each adult had one session with a therapist to learn anxiety management techniques. They then had four 20-minute sessions of graded exposure with a therapist in an immersive VR room (known as the Blue Room). Each participant had a computer-generated scene designed for their specific anxiety-provoking situation. After four sessions, the participant tried real-life exposure with their supporter. We measured progress at 6 weeks and 6 months after the last VR session. What were the results of this study? Each participant completed all four sessions. This shows that the intervention was possible to deliver and acceptable to autistic people and therapists. Participants completed assessments at 6 weeks and 6 months after the VR sessions. Five of the eight participants were “responders” to the intervention. This means that 6 months after the last VR session, they still had real-life day-to-day improvements in relation to their phobia. What do these findings add to what was already known? We had not delivered this intervention to autistic adults previously. The findings show that this VR intervention has the potential to be an effective treatment for anxiety in autistic adults. What are the potential weaknesses in the study? This is a small study and future work will be a larger trial of this treatment—comparing results from people who get the intervention with people who do not. We would also want to have an outcome assessor who did not know whether people had received the intervention or not. How will these findings help autistic adults now or in the future? This new intervention has the potential to help autistic adults manage their anxiety in stressful situations and therefore may improve their quality of life.
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spelling pubmed-64852622019-04-26 Using Virtual Reality Environments to Augment Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Fears and Phobias in Autistic Adults Maskey, Morag Rodgers, Jacqui Ingham, Barry Freeston, Mark Evans, Gemma Labus, Marie Parr, Jeremy R. Autism Adulthood Emerging Practices Fears and phobias are common in people on the autism spectrum and can impact on their ability to undertake usual daily activities. Graded exposure to the anxiety-provoking stimulus is a recognized method of treatment for fears/phobias in the nonautistic population but may pose specific difficulties for autistic people. For example, real-life exposure can be too anxiety-provoking to allow treatment to take place, and imaginal exposure can be problematic. To address this, we developed an intervention that combines cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with immersive virtual reality (VR) exposure to reduce anxiety. Following successful trials of this intervention with young people on the autism spectrum, we report a pilot study using the same intervention with autistic adults. Eight adults (aged 18–57 years) received one psychoeducation session and then four 20-minute sessions of graded exposure with a therapist in an immersive VR room (known as the Blue Room). Each participant completed all sessions showing that the intervention is feasible and acceptable. Outcomes were monitored at 6 weeks and 6 months postintervention. Five of the eight participants were classified as intervention responders and at 6 months after the end of intervention were experiencing real-life functional improvements. These preliminary findings show that VR-graded exposure alongside CBT may be an effective treatment for autistic people with phobias. LAY SUMMARY: Why was this study done? Anxiety is common in autistic adults. For some people, fears and phobias regarding everyday objects and situations occur frequently affecting everyday life. The main method to treat fears and phobias for people without autism is gradual exposure to the situation that causes anxiety. However, this method may be challenging for people on the autism spectrum. We wanted to test a new method of treatment that uses cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) delivered with gradual exposure in a fully immersive virtual reality (VR) environment. What was the purpose of this study? We have already delivered this treatment successfully with autistic children. We wanted to test if this treatment would work for autistic adults. Changing traditional psychological treatments, such as CBT, to make it more suitable for autistic people is recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. What did the researchers do? We recruited eight autistic adults (aged 18–57 years) with a fear/phobia and their supporter (parent/friend/support worker). Each adult had one session with a therapist to learn anxiety management techniques. They then had four 20-minute sessions of graded exposure with a therapist in an immersive VR room (known as the Blue Room). Each participant had a computer-generated scene designed for their specific anxiety-provoking situation. After four sessions, the participant tried real-life exposure with their supporter. We measured progress at 6 weeks and 6 months after the last VR session. What were the results of this study? Each participant completed all four sessions. This shows that the intervention was possible to deliver and acceptable to autistic people and therapists. Participants completed assessments at 6 weeks and 6 months after the VR sessions. Five of the eight participants were “responders” to the intervention. This means that 6 months after the last VR session, they still had real-life day-to-day improvements in relation to their phobia. What do these findings add to what was already known? We had not delivered this intervention to autistic adults previously. The findings show that this VR intervention has the potential to be an effective treatment for anxiety in autistic adults. What are the potential weaknesses in the study? This is a small study and future work will be a larger trial of this treatment—comparing results from people who get the intervention with people who do not. We would also want to have an outcome assessor who did not know whether people had received the intervention or not. How will these findings help autistic adults now or in the future? This new intervention has the potential to help autistic adults manage their anxiety in stressful situations and therefore may improve their quality of life. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers 2019-06-01 2019-04-13 /pmc/articles/PMC6485262/ /pubmed/31032480 http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aut.2018.0019 Text en © Morag Maskey et al., 2019; Published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. This Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Emerging Practices
Maskey, Morag
Rodgers, Jacqui
Ingham, Barry
Freeston, Mark
Evans, Gemma
Labus, Marie
Parr, Jeremy R.
Using Virtual Reality Environments to Augment Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Fears and Phobias in Autistic Adults
title Using Virtual Reality Environments to Augment Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Fears and Phobias in Autistic Adults
title_full Using Virtual Reality Environments to Augment Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Fears and Phobias in Autistic Adults
title_fullStr Using Virtual Reality Environments to Augment Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Fears and Phobias in Autistic Adults
title_full_unstemmed Using Virtual Reality Environments to Augment Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Fears and Phobias in Autistic Adults
title_short Using Virtual Reality Environments to Augment Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Fears and Phobias in Autistic Adults
title_sort using virtual reality environments to augment cognitive behavioral therapy for fears and phobias in autistic adults
topic Emerging Practices
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6485262/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31032480
http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aut.2018.0019
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