Cross-interaction of tau PET tracers with monoamine oxidase B: evidence from in silico modelling and in vivo imaging

PURPOSE: Several tracers have been designed for tracking the abnormal accumulation of tau pathology in vivo. Recently, concerns have been raised about the sources of off-target binding for these tracers; inconclusive data propose binding for some tracers to monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B). METHODS: Molecular docking and dynamics simulations were used to estimate the affinity and free energy for the binding of several tau tracers (FDDNP, THK523, THK5105, THK5317, THK5351, T807 [aka AV-1451, flortaucipir], T808, PBB3, RO-948, MK-6240, JNJ-311 and PI-2620) to MAO-B. These values were then compared with those for safinamide (MAO-B inhibitor). PET imaging was used with the tau tracer [(18)F]THK5317 and the MAO-B tracer [(11)C]DED in five patients with Alzheimer’s disease to investigate the MAO-B binding component of this first generation tau tracer in vivo. RESULTS: The computational modelling studies identified a binding site for all the tau tracers on MAO-B; this was the same site as that for safinamide. The binding affinity and free energy of binding for the tau tracers to MAO-B was substantial and in a similar range to those for safinamide. The most recently developed tau tracers MK-6240, JNJ-311 and PI-2620 appeared, in silico, to have the lowest relative affinity for MAO-B. The in vivo investigations found that the regional distribution of binding for [(18)F]THK5317 was different from that for [(11)C]DED, although areas of suspected off-target [(18)F]THK5317 binding were detected. The binding relationship between [(18)F]THK5317 and [(11)C]DED depended on the availability of the MAO-B enzyme. CONCLUSIONS: The developed tau tracers show in silico and in vivo evidence of cross-interaction with MAO-B; the MAO-B component of the tracer binding was dependent on the regional concentration of the enzyme. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s00259-019-04305-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.