Musculoskeletal application and validation of speckle-tracking ultrasonography

BACKGROUND: Diseased, injured, or dysfunctional skeletal muscles may demonstrate abnormal function and contractility. Currently, only few in vivo imaging techniques are able to characterize the contractile properties of muscle tissue. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that muscle strain can be tracked in two upper extremity skeletal muscles by speckle-tracking ultrasonography (STU) and correlates with isometric muscle contractions. METHODS: A convenience sample of 10 healthy, adult volunteers with normal shoulder function were tested. The 5 women and 5 men had a mean age of 45 years (range: 39–59 years) and BMI < 30. STU was applied to the supraspinatus (SS) and biceps brachii (BB) muscles using a M11 L-MHz linear transducer (frequency 8–15 MHz) hooked to a Vivid E 9TM ultrasound machine. Strain validation was performed by correlating peak strain against standardized sub-maximal, isometric load conditions of the two muscles (20–80% of maximal voluntary contraction) using a custom-built muscle dynamometer based on strain-gauge technique. Data were analyzed offline using the EchoPac speckle-tracking software and were blinded to the examiner. RESULTS: Intramuscular strain measured by STU in the SS and BB muscles showed moderate to strong correlations with external muscle load (SS: r = − 0.76, p < 0.0001 and BB: r = − 0.60, p < 0.0001). We found strain to vary from approximately 10–20% during increasing submaximal, isometric conditions. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that STU can be applied on healthy skeletal musculature (SS and BB muscles). The observed correlations between strain and isometric contractions suggest a valid technique. However, the concept of measuring muscle strain non-invasively needs further investigation for validity, accuracy, responsiveness, and reliability before its therapeutic and research potential can be realized.