Treatable Vascular Risk and Cognitive Performance in Persons Aged 35 Years or Older: Longitudinal Study of Six Years

BACKGROUND: Poor cognitive performance is associated with high vascular risk. However, this association is only investigated in elderly. As neuropathological changes precede clinical symptoms of cognitive impairment by several decades, it is likely that cognitive performance is already associated with vascular risk at middle-age. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association of cognitive performance with treatable vascular risk in middle-aged and old persons. DESIGN: Longitudinal study with three measurements during follow-up period of 5.5 years. SETTING: City of Groningen, the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS: Cohort of 3,572 participants (age range, 35–82 years; mean age, 54 years; men, 52%). EXPOSURE: Treatable vascular risk as defined by treatable components of the Framingham Risk Score for Cardiovascular Disease at the first measurement (diabetes mellitus, smoking, hypercholesterolemia and hypertension). MEASUREMENTS: Change in cognitive performance during follow-up. Cognitive performance was measured with Ruff Figural Fluency Test (RFFT) and Visual Association Test (VAT), and calculated as the average of the standardized RFFT and VAT score per participant. RESULTS: The mean (SD) cognitive performance changed from 0.00 (0.79) at the first measurement to 0.15 (0.83) at second measurement and to 0.39 (0.82) at the third measurement (Ptrend<0.001). This change was negatively associated with treatable vascular risk: the change in cognitive performance between two measurements decreased with 0.004 per one-point increment of treatable vascular risk (95%CI, -0.008 to 0.000; P=0.05) and with 0.006 per one-year increment of age (95%CI, -0.008 to -0.004; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Change in cognitive performance was associated with treatable vascular risk in persons aged 35 years or older. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: Supplementary material is available for this article at 10.14283/jpad.2018.47 and is accessible for authorized users.