Quantification of carbonate radical formation by the bicarbonate-dependent peroxidase activity of superoxide dismutase 1 using pyrogallol red bleaching

Carbonate radicals (CO(3)•(-)) are generated by the bicarbonate-dependent peroxidase activity of cytosolic superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD, SOD-1). The present work explored the use of bleaching of pyrogallol red (PGR) dye to quantify the rate of CO(3)•(-) formation from bovine and human SOD-1 (bSOD-1 and hSOD-1, respectively). This approach was compared to previously reported methods using electron paramagnetic resonance spin trapping with DMPO, and the oxidation of ABTS (2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid). The kinetics of PGR consumption elicited by CO(3)•(-) was followed by visible spectrophotometry. Solutions containing PGR (5–200 μM), SOD-1 (0.3–3 μM), H(2)O(2) (2 mM) in bicarbonate buffer (200 mM, pH 7.4) showed a rapid loss of the PGR absorption band centered at 540 nm. The initial consumption rate (R(i)) gave values independent of the initial PGR concentration allowing an estimate to be made of the rate of CO(3)•(-) release of 24.6 ± 4.3 μM min(−1) for 3 μM bSOD-1. Both bSOD-1 and hSOD-1 showed a similar peroxidase activity, with enzymatic inactivation occurring over a period of 20 min. The single Trp residue (Trp(32)) present in hSOD-1 was rapidly consumed (initial consumption rate 1.2 ± 0.1 μM min(−1)) with this occurring more rapidly than hSOD-1 inactivation, suggesting that these processes are not directly related. Added free Trp was rapidly oxidized in competition with PGR. These data indicate that PGR reacts rapidly and efficiently with CO(3)•(-) resulting from the peroxidase activity of SOD-1, and that PGR-bleaching is a simple, fast and cheap method to quantify CO(3)•(-) release from bSOD-1 and hSOD-1 peroxidase activity.