Comparative study on the toxic mechanisms of medical nanosilver and silver ions on the antioxidant system of erythrocytes: from the aspects of antioxidant enzyme activities and molecular interaction mechanisms

BACKGROUND: The wide application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in medicals and daily utensils increases the risk of human exposure. The study on cell and protein changes induced by medical AgNPs (20 nm) and Ag(+) gave insights into the toxicity mechanisms of them. RESULTS: AgNPs and Ag(+) affected the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems of red blood cells (RBCs). When RBCs were exposed to AgNPs or Ag(+) (0–0.24 μg/mL), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were more sensitive to Ag(+), whereas the RBCs had slightly higher glutathione (GSH) contents treated by AgNPs. Both AgNPs and Ag(+) increased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content of RBCs, but the difference was not significant. The difference in the change of the enzyme activity indicated that AgNPs and Ag(+) have different influencing mechanisms on CAT and GPX. And SOD has stronger resistance to both of AgNPs and Ag(+). When AgNPs or Ag(+) (0–10 μg/mL) was directly applied on enzymatic proteins, although AgNPs or Ag(+) at a high concentration was toxic, at the concentration below 0.4 μg/mL could promote the activities of CAT/SOD/GPX. The spectroscopic results (fluorescence, synchronous fluorescence, resonance light scattering and ultraviolet absorption), including the changes in amino acid microenvironment, peptide chain conformation, and aggregation state, indicated that the interaction mechanism and conformational changes were also the important factors for the changes in the activities of SOD/CAT when SOD/CAT were directly exposed to AgNPs or Ag(+). CONCLUSIONS: Low concentration (< 0.4 μg/mL) of AgNPs is relatively safe and the direct effects of AgNPs and Ag(+) on enzymes are important reasons for the change in antioxidant capacity of RBCs. [Image: see text]