Effect of cadmium on young plants of Virola surinamensis

The steady increase in cadmium (Cd) levels in the environment from anthropogenic actions has contributed to environmental degradation. Virola surinamensis is a forest species that has desirable characteristics such as deep and dense roots, relatively rapid growth and high biomass production to remedy contaminated environments by Cd. The aim of this study was to assess the physiological responses and the phytoextraction and tolerance capacity of young plants of V. surinamensis submitted to Cd concentrations. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with five Cd concentrations (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 mg L(−1)) for 60 days. Leaf water potential (Ψ(pd)), stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration (E) reduced in plants exposed to Cd. Lower values of maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), electron transport rate (ETR) and photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) were accompanied by reduction of photosynthesis (A) with increasing concentrations of Cd, although the non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ), and intercellular CO(2) concentration (Ci) showed increase. Instantaneous water-use efficiency (A/E), net photosynthesis to intercellular CO(2) concentration ratio (A/Ci) and total chlorophyll (Chl) reduced with increasing levels of Cd. Cadmium concentrations increased in different plant tissues (root > stem > leaf). The tolerance index (TI) indicated that V. surinamensis presented medium and high tolerance to Cd. The results of bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) showed low plant efficacy in Cd phytoextraction and suggest that V. surinamensis may be promising for phytostabilization of Cd.