A Peptide Analogue of Selectin Ligands Attenuated Atherosclerosis by Inhibiting Monocyte Activation

BACKGROUND: Circulating monocytes play a critical role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Monocyte homing to sites of atherosclerosis is primarily initiated by selectin. Thus, blockade of the interaction of selectins and their ligands holds a significant role in monocyte homing which might be a potential approach to treat atherosclerosis. Here, we investigated the efficacy of a novel peptide analogue of selectin ligands IELLQAR in atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, we firstly measured the effect of the IELLQAR selectin-binding peptide on the inhibition of binding of selectins to monocytes by flow cytometry, which exhibited a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the binding of the P-, E-, and L-selectins to monocytes, especially the inhibition of P-selectin binding to human peripheral blood monocytes (PBMCs) (half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)~5 μM)) and THP-1 cells (IC(50)~10 μM). Furthermore, IELLQAR inhibited P-selectin-induced activation of CD11b on the surface of monocytes and decreased adhesion of monocytes to the endothelium. ApoE(−/−) mice with or without IELLQAR (1 or 3 mg/kg) fed a Western-type diet (WTD) or which had disturbed blood flow-induced shear stress underwent partial left carotid artery ligation (PLCA) to induce atherosclerosis. In the WTD- and PLCA-induced atherosclerosis models, atherosclerotic plaque formation and monocyte/macrophage infiltration of the arterial wall both decreased in ApoE(−/−) mice treated with the IELLQAR peptide. Our results also revealed that IELLQAR inhibited the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages through P-selectin-dependent activation of the nuclear factor- (NF-) κB and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways. CONCLUSION: Collectively, our results demonstrated that IELLQAR, a peptide analogue of selectin ligands, inhibited selectin binding to monocytes, which led to subsequent attenuation of atherosclerosis via inhibition of monocyte activation. Hence, use of the IELLQAR peptide provides a new approach and represents a promising candidate for the treatment of atherosclerosis in the early stage of disease.