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Recommendations for dietary level of micro-minerals and vitamin D(3) to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr and post-smolt when fed low fish meal diets

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) feeds have changed drastically in their composition from being predominantly marine-based to plant-based. This has altered the dietary supply and availability of micro-nutrients to Atlantic salmon. The impact of graded inclusion levels of a nutrient package (NP) compris...

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Autores principales: Antony Jesu Prabhu, P., Lock, Erik-Jan, Hemre, Gro-Ingunn, Hamre, Kristin, Espe, Marit, Olsvik, Pål A., Silva, Joana, Hansen, Ann-Cecilie, Johansen, Johan, Sissener, Nini H., Waagbø, Rune
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: PeerJ Inc. 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6546083/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31183254
http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6996
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author Antony Jesu Prabhu, P.
Lock, Erik-Jan
Hemre, Gro-Ingunn
Hamre, Kristin
Espe, Marit
Olsvik, Pål A.
Silva, Joana
Hansen, Ann-Cecilie
Johansen, Johan
Sissener, Nini H.
Waagbø, Rune
author_facet Antony Jesu Prabhu, P.
Lock, Erik-Jan
Hemre, Gro-Ingunn
Hamre, Kristin
Espe, Marit
Olsvik, Pål A.
Silva, Joana
Hansen, Ann-Cecilie
Johansen, Johan
Sissener, Nini H.
Waagbø, Rune
author_sort Antony Jesu Prabhu, P.
collection PubMed
description Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) feeds have changed drastically in their composition from being predominantly marine-based to plant-based. This has altered the dietary supply and availability of micro-nutrients to Atlantic salmon. The impact of graded inclusion levels of a nutrient package (NP) comprising of 25 different micro-nutrients were studied in Atlantic salmon parr in freshwater (Trial 1) and post-smolts in seawater (Trial 2). In brief, the NP was included from 0 to 400%, where 100% corresponded to the recommendation by the National Research Council, 2011. Micro-nutrients, namely Zn, Mn, Se, Cu, Fe, Co, I and vitamin D3 were included in the NP with the objective of (re)evaluating the dietary need to meet the requirement of Atlantic salmon parr and post-smolt, when fed low fish meal, plant ingredient-based diets. Responses in apparent availability coefficient (AAC), whole body and vertebrae mineral concentrations, and retention were analysed. AAC of Cu, Mn, Se and Zn responded in a quadratic fashion with an increase in NP from 0 to 400% in freshwater parr; AAC could not be measured in post-smolt salmon. The whole-body concentration of Zn, Se, Co and I in Atlantic salmon parr were significantly affected by increasing NP inclusion; the same was observed for Zn, Se and Co in post-smolt Atlantic salmon. Vertebrae mineral concentration as the response criterion was non-responsive in parr; whereas, in post-smolt, Co had a linear increase, while Zn and Se showed a non-linear increase upon 0 to 400 NP inclusion. Zinc concentration and activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) in vertebrae indicated increased bone resorption in post-smolt Atlantic salmon; TRAP activity increased linearly with NP inclusion in post-smolt, but not in parr. Significant correlations between Zn and Se were observed in AAC and vertebral concentrations, indicating an interaction in intestinal uptake and vertebral deposition. Overall, Atlantic salmon parr held in freshwater were able to satisfy the requirement for the trace minerals Zn, Mn, Se, Cu, and Fe through supply from 100–150 NP, corresponding to 101–132, 47–63, 0.6–0.8, 12–16 and 150–166 mg kg( −1), respectively; for iodine, dietary supply from 150–200 NP, corresponding to 0.7–1.6 mg kg(−1), was required. In the seawater, Atlantic salmon post-smolt, in general, required micro-minerals and vitamin D3 levels as supplied through 150–200 NP, corresponding to 140–177, Zn; 61–67, Mn; 0.9–1, Se; 14–16, Cu; and vitamin D3, 0.06–0.09 mg kg( −1) to fulfil the requirement, except for Cu which was satisfied at 100–150 NP, equivalent to 13–14 mg kg( −1) diet.
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spelling pubmed-65460832019-06-10 Recommendations for dietary level of micro-minerals and vitamin D(3) to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr and post-smolt when fed low fish meal diets Antony Jesu Prabhu, P. Lock, Erik-Jan Hemre, Gro-Ingunn Hamre, Kristin Espe, Marit Olsvik, Pål A. Silva, Joana Hansen, Ann-Cecilie Johansen, Johan Sissener, Nini H. Waagbø, Rune PeerJ Agricultural Science Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) feeds have changed drastically in their composition from being predominantly marine-based to plant-based. This has altered the dietary supply and availability of micro-nutrients to Atlantic salmon. The impact of graded inclusion levels of a nutrient package (NP) comprising of 25 different micro-nutrients were studied in Atlantic salmon parr in freshwater (Trial 1) and post-smolts in seawater (Trial 2). In brief, the NP was included from 0 to 400%, where 100% corresponded to the recommendation by the National Research Council, 2011. Micro-nutrients, namely Zn, Mn, Se, Cu, Fe, Co, I and vitamin D3 were included in the NP with the objective of (re)evaluating the dietary need to meet the requirement of Atlantic salmon parr and post-smolt, when fed low fish meal, plant ingredient-based diets. Responses in apparent availability coefficient (AAC), whole body and vertebrae mineral concentrations, and retention were analysed. AAC of Cu, Mn, Se and Zn responded in a quadratic fashion with an increase in NP from 0 to 400% in freshwater parr; AAC could not be measured in post-smolt salmon. The whole-body concentration of Zn, Se, Co and I in Atlantic salmon parr were significantly affected by increasing NP inclusion; the same was observed for Zn, Se and Co in post-smolt Atlantic salmon. Vertebrae mineral concentration as the response criterion was non-responsive in parr; whereas, in post-smolt, Co had a linear increase, while Zn and Se showed a non-linear increase upon 0 to 400 NP inclusion. Zinc concentration and activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) in vertebrae indicated increased bone resorption in post-smolt Atlantic salmon; TRAP activity increased linearly with NP inclusion in post-smolt, but not in parr. Significant correlations between Zn and Se were observed in AAC and vertebral concentrations, indicating an interaction in intestinal uptake and vertebral deposition. Overall, Atlantic salmon parr held in freshwater were able to satisfy the requirement for the trace minerals Zn, Mn, Se, Cu, and Fe through supply from 100–150 NP, corresponding to 101–132, 47–63, 0.6–0.8, 12–16 and 150–166 mg kg( −1), respectively; for iodine, dietary supply from 150–200 NP, corresponding to 0.7–1.6 mg kg(−1), was required. In the seawater, Atlantic salmon post-smolt, in general, required micro-minerals and vitamin D3 levels as supplied through 150–200 NP, corresponding to 140–177, Zn; 61–67, Mn; 0.9–1, Se; 14–16, Cu; and vitamin D3, 0.06–0.09 mg kg( −1) to fulfil the requirement, except for Cu which was satisfied at 100–150 NP, equivalent to 13–14 mg kg( −1) diet. PeerJ Inc. 2019-05-31 /pmc/articles/PMC6546083/ /pubmed/31183254 http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6996 Text en ©2019 Antony Jesu Prabhu et al. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.
spellingShingle Agricultural Science
Antony Jesu Prabhu, P.
Lock, Erik-Jan
Hemre, Gro-Ingunn
Hamre, Kristin
Espe, Marit
Olsvik, Pål A.
Silva, Joana
Hansen, Ann-Cecilie
Johansen, Johan
Sissener, Nini H.
Waagbø, Rune
Recommendations for dietary level of micro-minerals and vitamin D(3) to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr and post-smolt when fed low fish meal diets
title Recommendations for dietary level of micro-minerals and vitamin D(3) to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr and post-smolt when fed low fish meal diets
title_full Recommendations for dietary level of micro-minerals and vitamin D(3) to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr and post-smolt when fed low fish meal diets
title_fullStr Recommendations for dietary level of micro-minerals and vitamin D(3) to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr and post-smolt when fed low fish meal diets
title_full_unstemmed Recommendations for dietary level of micro-minerals and vitamin D(3) to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr and post-smolt when fed low fish meal diets
title_short Recommendations for dietary level of micro-minerals and vitamin D(3) to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr and post-smolt when fed low fish meal diets
title_sort recommendations for dietary level of micro-minerals and vitamin d(3) to atlantic salmon (salmo salar) parr and post-smolt when fed low fish meal diets
topic Agricultural Science
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6546083/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31183254
http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6996
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