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Humans Use Predictive Gaze Strategies to Target Waypoints for Steering
A major unresolved question in understanding visually guided locomotion in humans is whether actions are driven solely by the immediately available optical information (model-free online control mechanisms), or whether internal models have a role in anticipating the future path. We designed two expe...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Nature Publishing Group UK
2019
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6554351/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31171850 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44723-0 |
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author | Tuhkanen, Samuel Pekkanen, Jami Rinkkala, Paavo Mole, Callum Wilkie, Richard M. Lappi, Otto |
author_facet | Tuhkanen, Samuel Pekkanen, Jami Rinkkala, Paavo Mole, Callum Wilkie, Richard M. Lappi, Otto |
author_sort | Tuhkanen, Samuel |
collection | PubMed |
description | A major unresolved question in understanding visually guided locomotion in humans is whether actions are driven solely by the immediately available optical information (model-free online control mechanisms), or whether internal models have a role in anticipating the future path. We designed two experiments to investigate this issue, measuring spontaneous gaze behaviour while steering, and predictive gaze behaviour when future path information was withheld. In Experiment 1 participants (N = 15) steered along a winding path with rich optic flow: gaze patterns were consistent with tracking waypoints on the future path 1–3 s ahead. In Experiment 2, participants (N = 12) followed a path presented only in the form of visual waypoints located on an otherwise featureless ground plane. New waypoints appeared periodically every 0.75 s and predictably 2 s ahead, except in 25% of the cases the waypoint at the expected location was not displayed. In these cases, there were always other visible waypoints for the participant to fixate, yet participants continued to make saccades to the empty, but predictable, waypoint locations (in line with internal models of the future path guiding gaze fixations). This would not be expected based upon existing model-free online steering control models, and strongly points to a need for models of steering control to include mechanisms for predictive gaze control that support anticipatory path following behaviours. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6554351 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2019 |
publisher | Nature Publishing Group UK |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-65543512019-06-14 Humans Use Predictive Gaze Strategies to Target Waypoints for Steering Tuhkanen, Samuel Pekkanen, Jami Rinkkala, Paavo Mole, Callum Wilkie, Richard M. Lappi, Otto Sci Rep Article A major unresolved question in understanding visually guided locomotion in humans is whether actions are driven solely by the immediately available optical information (model-free online control mechanisms), or whether internal models have a role in anticipating the future path. We designed two experiments to investigate this issue, measuring spontaneous gaze behaviour while steering, and predictive gaze behaviour when future path information was withheld. In Experiment 1 participants (N = 15) steered along a winding path with rich optic flow: gaze patterns were consistent with tracking waypoints on the future path 1–3 s ahead. In Experiment 2, participants (N = 12) followed a path presented only in the form of visual waypoints located on an otherwise featureless ground plane. New waypoints appeared periodically every 0.75 s and predictably 2 s ahead, except in 25% of the cases the waypoint at the expected location was not displayed. In these cases, there were always other visible waypoints for the participant to fixate, yet participants continued to make saccades to the empty, but predictable, waypoint locations (in line with internal models of the future path guiding gaze fixations). This would not be expected based upon existing model-free online steering control models, and strongly points to a need for models of steering control to include mechanisms for predictive gaze control that support anticipatory path following behaviours. Nature Publishing Group UK 2019-06-06 /pmc/articles/PMC6554351/ /pubmed/31171850 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44723-0 Text en © The Author(s) 2019 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. |
spellingShingle | Article Tuhkanen, Samuel Pekkanen, Jami Rinkkala, Paavo Mole, Callum Wilkie, Richard M. Lappi, Otto Humans Use Predictive Gaze Strategies to Target Waypoints for Steering |
title | Humans Use Predictive Gaze Strategies to Target Waypoints for Steering |
title_full | Humans Use Predictive Gaze Strategies to Target Waypoints for Steering |
title_fullStr | Humans Use Predictive Gaze Strategies to Target Waypoints for Steering |
title_full_unstemmed | Humans Use Predictive Gaze Strategies to Target Waypoints for Steering |
title_short | Humans Use Predictive Gaze Strategies to Target Waypoints for Steering |
title_sort | humans use predictive gaze strategies to target waypoints for steering |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6554351/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31171850 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44723-0 |
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