Continuous Compressive Force Induces Differentiation of Osteoclasts with High Levels of Inorganic Dissolution

BACKGROUND: Osteoclast precursor cells are constitutively differentiated into mature osteoclasts on bone tissues. We previously reported that the continuous stimulation of RAW264.7 precursor cells with compressive force induces the formation of multinucleated giant cells via receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK)-RANK ligand (RANKL) signaling. Here, we examined the bone resorptive function of multinucleated osteoclasts induced by continuous compressive force. MATERIAL/METHODS: Cells were continuously stimulated with 0.3, 0.6, and 1.1 g/cm(2) compressive force created by increasing the amount of the culture solution in the presence of RANKL. Actin ring organization was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy. mRNA expression of genes encoding osteoclastic bone resorption-related enzymes was examined by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Mineral resorption was evaluated using calcium phosphate-coated plates. RESULTS: Multinucleated osteoclast-like cells with actin rings were observed for all three magnitudes of compressive force, and the area of actin rings increased as a function of the applied force. Carbonic anhydrase II expression as well as calcium elution from the calcium phosphate plate was markedly higher after stimulation with 0.6 and 1.1 g/cm(2) force than 0.3 g/cm(2). Matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression decreased and cathepsin K expression increased slightly by the continuous application of compressive force. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that multinucleated osteoclast-like cells induced by the stimulation of RAW264.7 cells with continuous compressive force exhibit high dissolution of the inorganic phase of bone by upregulating carbonic anhydrase II expression and actin ring formation. These findings improve our understanding of the role of mechanical load in bone remodeling.