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Non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor levels among HIV‐exposed uninfected infants at the time of HIV PCR testing – findings from a tertiary healthcare facility in Pretoria, South Africa
INTRODUCTION: To date, very little programmatic data has been published regarding serial antiretroviral (ARV) levels in infants exposed to maternal treatment and/or infant prophylaxis during the first months of life. Such data provide the opportunity to describe the proportion of infants exposed to...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
John Wiley and Sons Inc.
2019
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6582367/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31215757 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25284 |
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author | Mazanderani, Ahmad Haeri Murray, Tanya Y Sherman, Gayle G Snyman, Tracy George, Jaya Avenant, Theunis Goga, Ameena E Pepper, Michael S du Plessis, Nicolette |
author_facet | Mazanderani, Ahmad Haeri Murray, Tanya Y Sherman, Gayle G Snyman, Tracy George, Jaya Avenant, Theunis Goga, Ameena E Pepper, Michael S du Plessis, Nicolette |
author_sort | Mazanderani, Ahmad Haeri |
collection | PubMed |
description | INTRODUCTION: To date, very little programmatic data has been published regarding serial antiretroviral (ARV) levels in infants exposed to maternal treatment and/or infant prophylaxis during the first months of life. Such data provide the opportunity to describe the proportion of infants exposed to virologically suppressive levels of ARVs and to gauge adherence to the prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) programme. METHODS: From August 2014 to January 2016, HIV‐exposed infants born at Kalafong Provincial Tertiary Hospital in Pretoria, South Africa were enrolled as part of an observational cohort study. Plasma samples from HIV‐exposed uninfected infants were obtained at birth, 6‐weeks, 10‐weeks and 14‐weeks of age and quantitative efavirenz (EFV) and nevirapine (NVP) drug level testing performed using liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry, irrespective of maternal ARV regimen. Descriptive analysis of EFV and NVP levels in relation to self‐reported maternal and infant ARV exposure was performed. EFV levels >500 ng/mL and NVP levels >100 ng/mL were reported based on studies suggesting that trough levels above these thresholds are associated with virological suppression and PMTCT respectively. RESULTS: Among 66 infants exposed to maternal EFV in utero, 29 (44%) had virologically suppressive plasma EFV levels at birth, with a median level of 1665 ng/mL (IQR: 1094 to 3673). Among infants who were exclusively breastfed at 6‐, 10‐ and 14 weeks, 13/48 (27%), 5/25 (25%) and 0/21 (0%) had virologically suppressive EFV levels. Among 64 infants whose mothers reported administering daily infant NVP at time of their 6‐week HIV PCR test, only 45 (70%) had NVP levels above the minimum prophylactic trough level. CONCLUSIONS: During the first 10‐weeks after delivery, a quarter of breastfed infants born to women on an EFV‐containing treatment regimen maintained virologically suppressive EFV plasma levels. This finding highlights the importance of both careful monitoring of ARV side effects and repeat HIV PCR after the first few months of life among HIV‐exposed uninfected infants. As 30% of infants had inadequate NVP plasma levels at 6‐weeks of age, adherence counselling to caregivers regarding infant prophylaxis needs to be enhanced to further reduce mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6582367 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2019 |
publisher | John Wiley and Sons Inc. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-65823672019-06-26 Non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor levels among HIV‐exposed uninfected infants at the time of HIV PCR testing – findings from a tertiary healthcare facility in Pretoria, South Africa Mazanderani, Ahmad Haeri Murray, Tanya Y Sherman, Gayle G Snyman, Tracy George, Jaya Avenant, Theunis Goga, Ameena E Pepper, Michael S du Plessis, Nicolette J Int AIDS Soc Research Articles INTRODUCTION: To date, very little programmatic data has been published regarding serial antiretroviral (ARV) levels in infants exposed to maternal treatment and/or infant prophylaxis during the first months of life. Such data provide the opportunity to describe the proportion of infants exposed to virologically suppressive levels of ARVs and to gauge adherence to the prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) programme. METHODS: From August 2014 to January 2016, HIV‐exposed infants born at Kalafong Provincial Tertiary Hospital in Pretoria, South Africa were enrolled as part of an observational cohort study. Plasma samples from HIV‐exposed uninfected infants were obtained at birth, 6‐weeks, 10‐weeks and 14‐weeks of age and quantitative efavirenz (EFV) and nevirapine (NVP) drug level testing performed using liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry, irrespective of maternal ARV regimen. Descriptive analysis of EFV and NVP levels in relation to self‐reported maternal and infant ARV exposure was performed. EFV levels >500 ng/mL and NVP levels >100 ng/mL were reported based on studies suggesting that trough levels above these thresholds are associated with virological suppression and PMTCT respectively. RESULTS: Among 66 infants exposed to maternal EFV in utero, 29 (44%) had virologically suppressive plasma EFV levels at birth, with a median level of 1665 ng/mL (IQR: 1094 to 3673). Among infants who were exclusively breastfed at 6‐, 10‐ and 14 weeks, 13/48 (27%), 5/25 (25%) and 0/21 (0%) had virologically suppressive EFV levels. Among 64 infants whose mothers reported administering daily infant NVP at time of their 6‐week HIV PCR test, only 45 (70%) had NVP levels above the minimum prophylactic trough level. CONCLUSIONS: During the first 10‐weeks after delivery, a quarter of breastfed infants born to women on an EFV‐containing treatment regimen maintained virologically suppressive EFV plasma levels. This finding highlights the importance of both careful monitoring of ARV side effects and repeat HIV PCR after the first few months of life among HIV‐exposed uninfected infants. As 30% of infants had inadequate NVP plasma levels at 6‐weeks of age, adherence counselling to caregivers regarding infant prophylaxis needs to be enhanced to further reduce mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2019-06-19 /pmc/articles/PMC6582367/ /pubmed/31215757 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25284 Text en © 2019 The Authors. Journal of the International AIDS Society published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the International AIDS Society. This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Research Articles Mazanderani, Ahmad Haeri Murray, Tanya Y Sherman, Gayle G Snyman, Tracy George, Jaya Avenant, Theunis Goga, Ameena E Pepper, Michael S du Plessis, Nicolette Non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor levels among HIV‐exposed uninfected infants at the time of HIV PCR testing – findings from a tertiary healthcare facility in Pretoria, South Africa |
title | Non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor levels among HIV‐exposed uninfected infants at the time of HIV PCR testing – findings from a tertiary healthcare facility in Pretoria, South Africa |
title_full | Non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor levels among HIV‐exposed uninfected infants at the time of HIV PCR testing – findings from a tertiary healthcare facility in Pretoria, South Africa |
title_fullStr | Non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor levels among HIV‐exposed uninfected infants at the time of HIV PCR testing – findings from a tertiary healthcare facility in Pretoria, South Africa |
title_full_unstemmed | Non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor levels among HIV‐exposed uninfected infants at the time of HIV PCR testing – findings from a tertiary healthcare facility in Pretoria, South Africa |
title_short | Non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor levels among HIV‐exposed uninfected infants at the time of HIV PCR testing – findings from a tertiary healthcare facility in Pretoria, South Africa |
title_sort | non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor levels among hiv‐exposed uninfected infants at the time of hiv pcr testing – findings from a tertiary healthcare facility in pretoria, south africa |
topic | Research Articles |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6582367/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31215757 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25284 |
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