Brainwashed by extracellular vesicles: the role of extracellular vesicles in primary and metastatic brain tumour microenvironment

Brain malignancies, including primary and metastatic brain tumours, are often associated with high mortality, reflecting a need for more effective diagnostics and therapeutics. Despite the different cells of origin, primary and metastatic brain tumours share the same microenvironment, which affects the survival mechanisms adopted by these tumours. Elucidating the mechanisms by which primary and metastatic brain tumours interact with the brain microenvironment can uncover potential targets for clinical applications. Extracellular vesicles have been recognized as intercellular communicators that can contribute to cancer progression and have shown promise as potential cancer biomarkers and therapeutics. Here, we outline the contribution of extracellular vesicles in the tumour–microenvironment interactions in primary and metastatic brain tumours with the goal of providing a guide for future translational research in this area.