A facile and green method for synthesis of ZnFe(2)O(4)@CMC as a new magnetic nanophotocatalyst for ciprofloxacin removal from aqueous media

This study aimed to synthesize a ZnFe(2)O(4)@carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) nanophotocatalyst using a simple, facile, and green hydrothermal method for ciprofloxacin (CIP) removal from aqueous solutions. At first, ZnFe(2)O(4)@CMC was synthesized using the hydrothermal method, and then it was characterized. To assay the photocatalytic activity of ZnFe(2)O(4)@CMC, its ability was investigated in CIP and total organic carbon (TOC) removal by considering the effect of some variables such as initial CIP concentrations (5–30 mg/L), pH (3–11), nanophotocatalyst loading (0.1–0.5 g), and reaction time (20–120 min). The kinetic performance of the process was assessed by the pseudo-first order and Langmuir-Hinshelwood models. The concentration of CIP and TOC in the samples was determined using high performance liquid chromatography and a TOC analyzer, respectively. The influence of competitive compounds was examined on the efficiency of the nanophotocatalyst through its application for a real wastewater sample. Moreover, the reusability and chemical stability of ZnFe(2)O(4)@CMC were studied. Advantages of this technique are as follows: • ZnFe(2)O(4)@CMC as a high potent magnetically separable photocatalyst is designed by a green, simple, and fast hydrothermal method. • ZnFe(2)O(4)@CMC displays significant photocatalytic activity in photocatalytic degradation processes for ciprofloxacin removal. • ZnFe(2)O(4)@CMC exhibits good chemical stability and reusability.