Chronic Granulomatous Disorder–Associated Colitis Can Be Accurately Evaluated with MRI Scans and Fecal Calprotectin Level

PURPOSE: Colitis is a common and serious complication of chronic granulomatous disorder (CGD) and requires assessment. Colonoscopy is invasive and carries risks of serious complication. We therefore assessed non-invasive monitoring via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We also evaluated fecal calprotectin (FCP), the Harvey-Bradshaw index (HBI) clinical score, and serum cytokines. METHODS: We recruited 10 patients with CGD (8 males, mean age 29.6 years), scored a modified HBI, and obtained stool for FCP. The following day we took blood for cytokine measurement via Luminex, performed MR enterography (scored by two independent radiologists using three systems: London score, CDMI, and MaRIA) followed by colonoscopy with disease activity measurement via ulcerative colitis endoscopic index of severity (UCEIS). We assessed patient experience after each investigation and overall preference with follow-up questionnaires. RESULTS: MRI scores correlated well with colonoscopic gold standard (for London score R(2) 0.91, p < 0.0001; for CDMI R(2) 0.83, p = 0.0006; for MaRIA R(2) 0.89, p = 0.0002). MRI was better tolerated and generally preferred, quicker, and visualized the entire large bowel whereas colonoscopy did not reach the terminal ileum in 3 participants. Elevated FCP accurately differentiated patients with colitis from those without, and log(calprotectin) correlated well with disease activity (R(2) 0.71, p = 0.009). Serum interleukin (IL)-12 concentration correlated with colitis activity but IL-1β and TNF did not. Harvey-Bradshaw index did not correlate with colitis activity. CONCLUSIONS: MRI and fecal calprotectin are useful methods for monitoring CGD colitis and should reduce the need for colonoscopy in these patients. IL-12 may represent an appropriate target for treatment. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s10875-019-00651-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.