Challenge and Threat: A Critical Review of the Literature and an Alternative Conceptualization

In this article, the authors describe a new theory, the Evaluative Space Approach to Challenge and Threat (ESACT). Prompted by the Biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat (BPS: Blascovich and Tomaka, 1996) and the development of the Theory of Challenge and Threat States in Athletes (Jones et a...

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Autores principales: Uphill, Mark A., Rossato, Claire J. L., Swain, Jon, O’Driscoll, Jamie
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6614335/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31312151
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01255
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author Uphill, Mark A.
Rossato, Claire J. L.
Swain, Jon
O’Driscoll, Jamie
author_facet Uphill, Mark A.
Rossato, Claire J. L.
Swain, Jon
O’Driscoll, Jamie
author_sort Uphill, Mark A.
collection PubMed
description In this article, the authors describe a new theory, the Evaluative Space Approach to Challenge and Threat (ESACT). Prompted by the Biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat (BPS: Blascovich and Tomaka, 1996) and the development of the Theory of Challenge and Threat States in Athletes (Jones et al., 2009), recent years have witnessed a considerable increase in research examining challenge and threat in sport. This manuscript provides a critical review of the literature examining challenge and threat in sport, tracing its historical development and some of the current empirical ambiguities. To reconcile some of these ambiguities, and utilizing neurobiological evidence associated with approach and avoidance motivation (c.f. Elliot and Covington, 2001), this paper draws upon the Evaluative Space Model (ESM; Cacioppo et al., 1997) and considers the implications for understanding challenge and threat in sport. For example, rather than see challenge and threat as opposite ends of a single bipolar continuum, the ESM implies that individuals could be (1) challenged, (2) threatened, (3) challenged and threatened, or (4) neither challenged or threatened by a particular stimulus. From this perspective, it could be argued that the appraisal of some sport situations as both challenging and threatening could be advantageous, whereas the current literature seems to imply that the appraisal of stress as a threat is maladaptive for performance. The ESACT provides several testable hypotheses for advancing understanding of challenge and threat (in sport) and we describe a number of measures that can be used to examine these hypotheses. In sum, this paper provides a significant theoretical, empirical, and practical contribution to our understanding of challenge and threat (in sport).
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spelling pubmed-66143352019-07-16 Challenge and Threat: A Critical Review of the Literature and an Alternative Conceptualization Uphill, Mark A. Rossato, Claire J. L. Swain, Jon O’Driscoll, Jamie Front Psychol Psychology In this article, the authors describe a new theory, the Evaluative Space Approach to Challenge and Threat (ESACT). Prompted by the Biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat (BPS: Blascovich and Tomaka, 1996) and the development of the Theory of Challenge and Threat States in Athletes (Jones et al., 2009), recent years have witnessed a considerable increase in research examining challenge and threat in sport. This manuscript provides a critical review of the literature examining challenge and threat in sport, tracing its historical development and some of the current empirical ambiguities. To reconcile some of these ambiguities, and utilizing neurobiological evidence associated with approach and avoidance motivation (c.f. Elliot and Covington, 2001), this paper draws upon the Evaluative Space Model (ESM; Cacioppo et al., 1997) and considers the implications for understanding challenge and threat in sport. For example, rather than see challenge and threat as opposite ends of a single bipolar continuum, the ESM implies that individuals could be (1) challenged, (2) threatened, (3) challenged and threatened, or (4) neither challenged or threatened by a particular stimulus. From this perspective, it could be argued that the appraisal of some sport situations as both challenging and threatening could be advantageous, whereas the current literature seems to imply that the appraisal of stress as a threat is maladaptive for performance. The ESACT provides several testable hypotheses for advancing understanding of challenge and threat (in sport) and we describe a number of measures that can be used to examine these hypotheses. In sum, this paper provides a significant theoretical, empirical, and practical contribution to our understanding of challenge and threat (in sport). Frontiers Media S.A. 2019-07-02 /pmc/articles/PMC6614335/ /pubmed/31312151 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01255 Text en Copyright © 2019 Uphill, Rossato, Swain and O’Driscoll. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Psychology
Uphill, Mark A.
Rossato, Claire J. L.
Swain, Jon
O’Driscoll, Jamie
Challenge and Threat: A Critical Review of the Literature and an Alternative Conceptualization
title Challenge and Threat: A Critical Review of the Literature and an Alternative Conceptualization
title_full Challenge and Threat: A Critical Review of the Literature and an Alternative Conceptualization
title_fullStr Challenge and Threat: A Critical Review of the Literature and an Alternative Conceptualization
title_full_unstemmed Challenge and Threat: A Critical Review of the Literature and an Alternative Conceptualization
title_short Challenge and Threat: A Critical Review of the Literature and an Alternative Conceptualization
title_sort challenge and threat: a critical review of the literature and an alternative conceptualization
topic Psychology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6614335/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31312151
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01255
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