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Multiple Levels of Control Processes for Wisconsin Card Sorts: An Observational Study
We explored short-term behavioral plasticity on the Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (M-WCST) by deriving novel error metrics by stratifying traditional set loss and perseverative errors. Separating the rule set and the response set allowed for the measurement of performance across four trial ty...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2019
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6627185/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31213007 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9060141 |
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author | Kopp, Bruno Steinke, Alexander Bertram, Malte Skripuletz, Thomas Lange, Florian |
author_facet | Kopp, Bruno Steinke, Alexander Bertram, Malte Skripuletz, Thomas Lange, Florian |
author_sort | Kopp, Bruno |
collection | PubMed |
description | We explored short-term behavioral plasticity on the Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (M-WCST) by deriving novel error metrics by stratifying traditional set loss and perseverative errors. Separating the rule set and the response set allowed for the measurement of performance across four trial types, crossing rule set (i.e., maintain vs. switch) and response demand (i.e., repeat vs. alternate). Critically, these four trial types can be grouped based on trial-wise feedback on t − 1 trials. Rewarded (correct) maintain t − 1 trials should lead to error enhancement when the response demands shift from repeat to alternate. In contrast, punished (incorrect) t − 1 trials should lead to error suppression when the response demands shift from repeat to alternate. The results supported the error suppression prediction: An error suppression effect (ESE) was observed across numerous patient samples. Exploratory analyses show that the ESE did not share substantial portions of variance with traditional neuropsychological measures of executive functioning. They further point into the direction that striatal or limbic circuit neuropathology may be associated with enhanced ESE. These data suggest that punishment of the recently executed response induces behavioral avoidance, which is detectable as the ESE on the WCST. The assessment of the ESE might provide an index of response-related avoidance learning on the WCST. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6627185 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2019 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-66271852019-07-19 Multiple Levels of Control Processes for Wisconsin Card Sorts: An Observational Study Kopp, Bruno Steinke, Alexander Bertram, Malte Skripuletz, Thomas Lange, Florian Brain Sci Article We explored short-term behavioral plasticity on the Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (M-WCST) by deriving novel error metrics by stratifying traditional set loss and perseverative errors. Separating the rule set and the response set allowed for the measurement of performance across four trial types, crossing rule set (i.e., maintain vs. switch) and response demand (i.e., repeat vs. alternate). Critically, these four trial types can be grouped based on trial-wise feedback on t − 1 trials. Rewarded (correct) maintain t − 1 trials should lead to error enhancement when the response demands shift from repeat to alternate. In contrast, punished (incorrect) t − 1 trials should lead to error suppression when the response demands shift from repeat to alternate. The results supported the error suppression prediction: An error suppression effect (ESE) was observed across numerous patient samples. Exploratory analyses show that the ESE did not share substantial portions of variance with traditional neuropsychological measures of executive functioning. They further point into the direction that striatal or limbic circuit neuropathology may be associated with enhanced ESE. These data suggest that punishment of the recently executed response induces behavioral avoidance, which is detectable as the ESE on the WCST. The assessment of the ESE might provide an index of response-related avoidance learning on the WCST. MDPI 2019-06-17 /pmc/articles/PMC6627185/ /pubmed/31213007 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9060141 Text en © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Kopp, Bruno Steinke, Alexander Bertram, Malte Skripuletz, Thomas Lange, Florian Multiple Levels of Control Processes for Wisconsin Card Sorts: An Observational Study |
title | Multiple Levels of Control Processes for Wisconsin Card Sorts: An Observational Study |
title_full | Multiple Levels of Control Processes for Wisconsin Card Sorts: An Observational Study |
title_fullStr | Multiple Levels of Control Processes for Wisconsin Card Sorts: An Observational Study |
title_full_unstemmed | Multiple Levels of Control Processes for Wisconsin Card Sorts: An Observational Study |
title_short | Multiple Levels of Control Processes for Wisconsin Card Sorts: An Observational Study |
title_sort | multiple levels of control processes for wisconsin card sorts: an observational study |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6627185/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31213007 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9060141 |
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