Synthesis of Titanium Silicalite-1 with High Catalytic Performance for 1-Butene Epoxidation by Eliminating the Extraframework Ti

[Image: see text] Titanium silicalite-1 (TS-1) with little extraframework Ti was hydrothermally synthesized in a tetrapropylammonium hydroxide system using starch as the additive. The influences of the amount of starch added on the coordination states of titanium ions and the functional mechanism of starch were studied by various characterization means. The addition of starch slowed the crystallization rate of TS-1 so that the insertion rate of titanium to the framework matched well with that of silicon. Therefore, the generation of extraframework Ti, including the anatase TiO(2) and octahedrally coordinated titanium, was eliminated. The catalytic performances of the TS-1 samples were evaluated in the epoxidation of 1-butene to produce butene oxide. The catalytic activity of TS-1 was improved significantly due to the increasing amount of framework Ti.