Ni–Sn-Supported ZrO(2) Catalysts Modified by Indium for Selective CO(2) Hydrogenation to Methanol

[Image: see text] Ni and NiSn supported on zirconia (ZrO(2)) and on indium (In)-incorporated zirconia (InZrO(2)) catalysts were prepared by a wet chemical reduction route and tested for hydrogenation of CO(2) to methanol in a fixed-bed isothermal flow reactor at 250 °C. The mono-metallic Ni (5%Ni/ZrO(2)) catalysts showed a very high selectivity for methane (99%) during CO(2) hydrogenation. Introduction of Sn to this material with the following formulation 5Ni5Sn/ZrO(2) (5% Ni-5% Sn/ZrO(2)) showed the rate of methanol formation to be 0.0417 μmol/(g(cat)·s) with 54% selectivity. Furthermore, the combination NiSn supported on InZrO(2) (5Ni5Sn/10InZrO(2)) exhibited a rate of methanol formation 10 times higher than that on 5Ni/ZrO(2) (0.1043 μmol/(g(cat)·s)) with 99% selectivity for methanol. All of these catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, CO(2)-temperature-programmed desorption, and density functional theory (DFT) studies. Addition of Sn to Ni catalysts resulted in the formation of a NiSn alloy. The NiSn alloy particle size was kept in the range of 10–15 nm, which was evidenced by HRTEM study. DFT analysis was carried out to identify the surface composition as well as the structural location of each element on the surface in three compositions investigated, namely, Ni(28)Sn(27), Ni(18)Sn(37), and Ni(37)Sn(18) bimetallic nanoclusters, and results were in agreement with the STEM and electron energy-loss spectroscopy results. Also, the introduction of “Sn” and “In” helped improve the reducibility of Ni oxide and the basic strength of catalysts. Considerable details of the catalytic and structural properties of the Ni, NiSn, and NiSnIn catalyst systems were elucidated. These observations were decisive for achieving a highly efficient formation rate of methanol via CO(2) by the H(2) reduction process with high methanol selectivity.