Multiple-point magnetic resonance acoustic radiation force imaging

PURPOSE: To implement and evaluate an efficient multiple-point MR acoustic radiation force imaging pulse sequence that can volumetrically measure tissue displacement and evaluate tissue stiffness using focused ultrasound (FUS) radiation force. METHODS: Bipolar motion-encoding gradients were added to a gradient-recalled echo segmented EPI pulse sequence with both 2D and 3D acquisition modes. Multiple FUS-ON images (FUS power > 0 W) were interleaved with a single FUS-OFF image (FUS power = 0 W) on the TR level, enabling simultaneous measurements of volumetric tissue displacement (by complex subtraction of the FUS-OFF image from the FUS-ON images) and proton resonance frequency shift MR thermometry (from the OFF image). Efficiency improvements included partial Fourier acquisition, parallel imaging, and encoding up to 4 different displacement positions into a single image. Experiments were performed in homogenous and dual-stiffness phantoms, and in ex vivo porcine brain. RESULTS: In phantoms, 16-point multiple-point magnetic resonance acoustic radiation force imaging maps could be acquired in 5 s to 10 s for a 2D slice, and 60 s for a 3D volume, using parallel imaging and encoding 2 displacement positions/image. In ex vivo porcine brain, 16-point multiple-point magnetic resonance acoustic radiation force imaging maps could be acquired in 20 s for a 3D volume, using partial Fourier and parallel imaging and encoding 4 displacement positions/image. In 1 experiment it was observed that tissue displacement in ex vivo brain decreased by approximately 22% following FUS ablation. CONCLUSION: With the described efficiency improvements it is possible to acquire volumetric multiple-point magnetic resonance acoustic radiation force imaging maps, with simultaneous proton resonance frequency shift MR thermometry maps, in clinically acceptable times.