Enclathration of Ethane, Propane, and Propylene into Urea Clathrates and Roles of Methanol on Urea Clathrate Formation

[Image: see text] As a guest molecule of urea clathrate, a long-chain normal alkane and its derivative with low substituents in methanol solutions have been reported. To investigate the role of methanol in the urea clathrate formation, in the present study, we used propane (C(3)H(8)), propylene (C(3)H(6)), ethane (C(2)H(6)), and methane (CH(4)) as guest molecules. Raman spectra and powder X-ray diffraction profiles revealed that, regardless of the existence of methanol, the C(3)H(8), C(3)H(6), and C(2)H(6) molecules are enclathrated into urea clathrates with a hexagonal structure, whereas there is no urea clathrate formation enclathrating CH(4). The pressurization of the urea clathrates including C(2)H(6) and C(3)H(8) reveals that no pressure-induced structural phase transition occurs at pressures up to 200 MPa. In spite of the guest molecule much shorter than the lattice constant of the c-axis of the hexagonal channel structure, the urea clathrates have a fairly rigid structure against the compression. Methanol as an auxiliary solution is not always necessary for the urea clathrate formation. Methanol plays a role in decreasing the activation energy of the urea clathrate formation, although it makes urea clathrate thermodynamically unstable due to the high solubility of urea in methanol.