General Strategy for Integrated SnO(2)/Metal Oxides as Biactive Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes with Ultralong Cycling Life

[Image: see text] Integration of bicomponents into a greater object or assemblage is a new avenue to acquire multifunctionality for metal oxide-based anodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, we report a versatile means by which precursors serve as self-sacrificing templates to form architectures of SnO(2) phase and other metal oxides. The vital challenge is the determination of appropriate synthetic system that can benefit the formation of respective precursors in a structure or single-source precursors of tin and other metal species. In the current work, by the aids of synergy action between l-proline and ethylene glycol (EG), precursors containing two metal ions are generally fabricated. Adequate flexibility of the present method has been achieved for SnO(2)/M(x)O(y) hierarchical hybrids, including Mn(2)O(3), Co(3)O(4), NiO, and Zn(2)SnO(4), by calcination of their corresponding SnMn, SnCo, SnNi, and SnZn precursors, respectively. When evaluated as anode materials for LIBs, the obtained SnO(2)/Mn(2)O(3) homogeneous hybrids, as expected, show higher specific capacity and ultralong cycling stability, gaining a reversible specific capacity of 610.3 mA h g(–1) after 600 cycles with only decay of 0.29 mA h g(–1) per cycle at 1 A g(–1) and 487 mA h g(–1) after 1001 cycles at a high current density of 2 A g(–1).