Calcium chloride enhances the delivery of exosomes

Exosomes might have an unimproved potential to serve as effective delivery vehicles. However, when exosomes are developed for therapeutic applications, a method to enhance their delivery is important. This study aimed to evaluate wheather calcium chloride (CaCl(2)) or other chloride compounds could enhance exosome delivery to various cells without causing toxicity. Exosomes were purified from human serum by using the ExoQuick exosome precipitation kit. Isolated exosomes were mixed with CaCl(2) at concentrations ranging from 100 μM to 1 mM, and then washed using Amicon filter for treating the cells. The delivery efficiency of exosomes and the viability of the cells [HEK 293 (human kidney cells) and H9C2 (rat cardiomyocytes)] were evaluated. Cellular uptake of exosomes was observed using a confocal microscope based on PKH26 labeling of exosomes. CaCl(2) increased the delivery of exosomes in a dose- and treatment time-dependent manner. In HEK 293 cells, a CaCl(2) concentration of 400 μM and exposure time of 12 h increased the delivery of exosomes by >20 times compared with controls. In H9C2 cells, a CaCl(2) concentration of 400 μM and exposure time of >24 h increased the delivery of exosomes by >400 times compared with controls. The viability of both cell lines was maintained up to a CaCl(2) concentration of 1 mM. However, cobalt chloride, cupric chloride, and magnesium chloride did not change the delivery of exosomes in both cell lines. These results suggest that the use of CaCl(2) treatment might be a useful method for enhancing the delivery of exosomes.