Evaluation of Bile Salt Hydrolases, Cholesterol-Lowering Capabilities, and Probiotic Potential of Enterococcus faecium Isolated From Rhizosphere

Bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity, hypo-cholesterolemic effect, and probiotic properties have been reported for Enterococcus strains isolated from animal and human gut and fermented foods but not for strains isolated from environmental niches, like aquatic and terrestrial plants, soil, and water. The present study is the first report on isolation of Enterococcus faecium from rhizospheric soils that harbor the bsh gene, remove cholesterol in vitro, and possess essential and desirable probiotic attributes. Fifteen samples were collected from different sites located in northern, southern, and central regions of India, of which five yielded pure colonies that were named LR2, LR3, ER5, LR13, and VB1. These were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as E. faecium and evaluated for BSH activity, cholesterol-lowering potential in vitro, and probiotic properties. Our results indicated that all the strains were capable of surviving the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and did not harbor any of the virulence genes. Though all strains showed the presence of bsh and potential for cholesterol removal, E. faecium strain LR13 showed a remarkable cholesterol removal capability and vancomycin susceptibility and possessed most of the desirable and essential attributes of a probiotic. Hence, it seems to be a fairly promising probiotic candidate that needs to be further evaluated in in vivo studies, especially for its hypo-cholesterolemic potential.