The paradox of nest reuse: early breeding benefits reproduction, but nest reuse increases nest predation risk

Many animals build new nests every breeding season instead of saving time by reusing old ones. One hypothesis is that nest reuse leads to increased predation risk if predators memorize nest locations and revisit these sites. Here we examine patterns in the prevalence of facultative nest reuse. Further, we relate nest reuse and timing of breeding to nest predation risk, clutch size and nestling survival. We analyse 1570 breeding attempts of the Eurasian sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) from Denmark (1977–1997) and from two sites in Norway (1985–2017). The probability of reuse varied between study areas, increased in replacement clutches, and was lower in adults compared to 1-year-old breeders. Pairs reusing nests laid their first egg on average 2.6 ± 1.0 SE days later than those building new nests, suggesting they are compensating for an already late breeding schedule. Indeed, reuse increased nest predation risk, but we discovered no other productive effects of reuse. In non-predated nests, late breeders had both smaller clutches and lower nestling survival. We propose that nest predation is a contributing driver to the behaviour of building a new nest each year, whereas nest reuse is a strategy to compensate for delayed onset of breeding, mainly used by inexperienced males. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s00442-019-04436-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.