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Flowering Stage and Daytime Affect Scent Emission of Malus ioensis “Prairie Rose”
Flowering crabapple is an important ornamental flower. It is vital to understand the floral scent properties and the associated release dynamics for carrying out fragrant flower breeding or floral regulation of crabapple. Static headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-m...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2019
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6650908/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31247958 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24132356 |
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author | Fan, Junjun Zhang, Wangxiang Zhang, Donglin Wang, Guibin Cao, Fuliang |
author_facet | Fan, Junjun Zhang, Wangxiang Zhang, Donglin Wang, Guibin Cao, Fuliang |
author_sort | Fan, Junjun |
collection | PubMed |
description | Flowering crabapple is an important ornamental flower. It is vital to understand the floral scent properties and the associated release dynamics for carrying out fragrant flower breeding or floral regulation of crabapple. Static headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to detect the volatile compounds in Malus ioensis “Prairie Rose” flowers at different flowering stages and at different day-night time. The results showed that methylheptenone, phenylethanol, geranylacetone, 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol, α-cedrene were the major compounds in M. ioensis “Prairie Rose”, but the compounds released during different stages and different day-night time were significantly different (P < 0.0001). A total of 25 volatile compounds were identified from the four flowering stages. The floral scents in the initial and flowering stages were the most similar (dissimilarity 0.21). The main compounds in these two stages were geranylacetone and methylheptenone, and the contents of geranylacetone and phenylethanol were positively correlated with the flowering stages. From the bud stage to the end of flowering, the total amount of volatile compounds released showed an initial increase followed by a decrease and the amounts of compounds released during the initial flowering stage were the highest. The aliphatic and benzenoids content was significant higher in the daytime than at night. A total of 15 compounds were detected in the five time periods. Methylheptenone and phenylethanol were particularly released in the 10:00–12:00 and 15:00–17:00 time periods. There were only three common compounds among the five time periods and the types of flower volatiles released during the daytime were obviously higher than those released at night. From the nocturnal to diurnal, the amount of flower volatiles released first increased, then decreased, and the release reached a peak between 10 am and 12 noon, which was consistent with the pollination biological characteristics of Malus flowers. Our findings are important for understanding the mechanism of insect visits to crabapple and the regulation of crabapple flower scent. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6650908 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2019 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-66509082019-08-07 Flowering Stage and Daytime Affect Scent Emission of Malus ioensis “Prairie Rose” Fan, Junjun Zhang, Wangxiang Zhang, Donglin Wang, Guibin Cao, Fuliang Molecules Article Flowering crabapple is an important ornamental flower. It is vital to understand the floral scent properties and the associated release dynamics for carrying out fragrant flower breeding or floral regulation of crabapple. Static headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to detect the volatile compounds in Malus ioensis “Prairie Rose” flowers at different flowering stages and at different day-night time. The results showed that methylheptenone, phenylethanol, geranylacetone, 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol, α-cedrene were the major compounds in M. ioensis “Prairie Rose”, but the compounds released during different stages and different day-night time were significantly different (P < 0.0001). A total of 25 volatile compounds were identified from the four flowering stages. The floral scents in the initial and flowering stages were the most similar (dissimilarity 0.21). The main compounds in these two stages were geranylacetone and methylheptenone, and the contents of geranylacetone and phenylethanol were positively correlated with the flowering stages. From the bud stage to the end of flowering, the total amount of volatile compounds released showed an initial increase followed by a decrease and the amounts of compounds released during the initial flowering stage were the highest. The aliphatic and benzenoids content was significant higher in the daytime than at night. A total of 15 compounds were detected in the five time periods. Methylheptenone and phenylethanol were particularly released in the 10:00–12:00 and 15:00–17:00 time periods. There were only three common compounds among the five time periods and the types of flower volatiles released during the daytime were obviously higher than those released at night. From the nocturnal to diurnal, the amount of flower volatiles released first increased, then decreased, and the release reached a peak between 10 am and 12 noon, which was consistent with the pollination biological characteristics of Malus flowers. Our findings are important for understanding the mechanism of insect visits to crabapple and the regulation of crabapple flower scent. MDPI 2019-06-26 /pmc/articles/PMC6650908/ /pubmed/31247958 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24132356 Text en © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Fan, Junjun Zhang, Wangxiang Zhang, Donglin Wang, Guibin Cao, Fuliang Flowering Stage and Daytime Affect Scent Emission of Malus ioensis “Prairie Rose” |
title | Flowering Stage and Daytime Affect Scent Emission of Malus
ioensis “Prairie Rose” |
title_full | Flowering Stage and Daytime Affect Scent Emission of Malus
ioensis “Prairie Rose” |
title_fullStr | Flowering Stage and Daytime Affect Scent Emission of Malus
ioensis “Prairie Rose” |
title_full_unstemmed | Flowering Stage and Daytime Affect Scent Emission of Malus
ioensis “Prairie Rose” |
title_short | Flowering Stage and Daytime Affect Scent Emission of Malus
ioensis “Prairie Rose” |
title_sort | flowering stage and daytime affect scent emission of malus
ioensis “prairie rose” |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6650908/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31247958 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24132356 |
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