Inducible orthogonal aminoacylation demonstrates that charging is required for mitochondrial tRNA import in Trypanosoma brucei

Orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA pairs have emerged as powerful means of site-specifically introducing non-standard amino acids into proteins in vivo. Using amino acids with crosslinking moieties this method allows the identification of transient protein-protein interactions. Here we have introduced a previously characterized evolved tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase/suppressor tRNA(Tyr) pair from E. coli into the parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma brucei. Upon addition of a suitable non-standard amino acid the suppressor tRNA(Tyr) was charged and allowed translation of a green fluorescent protein whose gene contained a nonsense mutation. - T. brucei is unusual in that its mitochondrion lacks tRNA genes indicating that all its organellar tRNAs are imported from the cytosol. Expression of the bacterial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase in our system is tetracycline-inducible. We have therefore used it to demonstrate that cytosolic aminoacylation of the suppressor tRNA(Tyr) induces its import into the mitochondrion.