Imaging of brown tumours: a pictorial review

Brown tumours do not represent neoplastic process, but they are focal bony lesions due to bone remodelling from either primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism. Their incidence is also low. The current literature on brown tumour is mainly in the form of case reports that focus on single affected sites. This pictorial review describes the full imaging workup and pathway of suspected brown tumour in the setting of both primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism. It aims to illustrate the management strategy to aid both clinicians and radiologists in suspected cases of brown tumour. We highlight the complementary roles that different imaging modalities can play in different settings including the importance of parathyroid ultrasound, (99m)Tc-sestamibi scintigraphy and SPECT/CT in the localisation of the parathyroid adenoma. We present cases with full clinical and imaging workup in both the acute and chronic setting and scenarios that require exclusion of primary and secondary bone malignancies.