Emerging Pathogenic and Prognostic Significance of Paired Box 3 (PAX3) Protein in Adult Gliomas

Gliomas present the most common type of brain tumors in adults, characterized by high morbidity and mortality. In search of potential molecular targets, members of paired box (PAX) family have been found expressed in neural crest cells, regulating their proliferation, apoptosis, migration and differentiation. Recently, PAX3 overexpression has been implicated in glioma tumorigenesis by enhancing proliferation, increasing invasiveness and inducing resistance to apoptosis of glioma cells, while maintaining brain glioma stem cells (BGSCs) stemness. Although the oncogenic potential of PAX3 in gliomas is still under investigation, experimental evidence suggests that PAX3 function is mainly mediated through the canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway as well as through its interaction with GFAP and p53 proteins. In addition, PAX3 may contribute to the chemoresistance of glioma cells and modulates the effectiveness of novel experimental therapies. Further evidence indicates that PAX3 may represent a novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for gliomas, facilitating personalized treatment. This review addresses the emerging role of PAX3 in glioma diagnosis, prognosis and treatment, aiming to shed more light on the underlying molecular mechanisms that could lead to more effective treatment approaches.