Unstable, Super Critical CO(2)–Water Displacement in Fine Grained Porous Media under Geologic Carbon Sequestration Conditions

In this study we investigated fluid displacement water with supercritical (sc) CO(2) in chalk under conditions close to those used for geologic CO(2) sequestration (GCS), to answer two main questions: How much volume is available for scCO(2) injection? And what is the main mechanism of displacement over a range of temperatures? Characterization of immiscible scCO(2) displacement, at the pore scale in the complex microstructure in chalk reservoirs, offers a pathway to better understand the macroscopic processes at the continuum scale. Fluid behavior was simulated by solving the Navier-Stokes equations, using finite-volume methods within a pore network. The pore network was extracted from a high resolution 3D image of chalk, obtained using X-ray nanotomography. Viscous fingering dominates scCO(2) infiltration and pores remain only partially saturated. The unstable front, developed with high capillary number, causes filling of pores aligned with the flow direction, reaching a maximum of 70% scCO(2) saturation. The saturation rate increases with temperature but the final saturation state is the same for all investigated temperatures. The higher the saturation rate, the higher the dynamic capillary pressure coefficient. A higher dynamic capillary pressure coefficient indicates that scCO(2) needs more time to reach capillary equilibrium in the porous medium.