(1)H HR-MAS NMR-Based Metabolomics of Cancer Cells in Response to Treatment with the Diruthenium Trithiolato Complex [(p-MeC(6)H(4)(i)Pr)(2)Ru(2)(SC(6)H(4)-p-Bu(t))(3)](+) (DiRu-1)

The trithiolato bridged diruthenium complex DiRu-1 [(p-MeC(6)H(4)(i)Pr)(2)Ru(2)(SC(6)H(4)-p-Bu(t))(3)](+) is highly cytotoxic against various cancer cell lines, but its exact mode of action remains unknown. The present (1)H HR-MAS NMR-based metabolomic study was performed on ovarian cancer cell line A2780, on its cis-Pt resistant variant A2780cisR, and on the cell line HEK-293 treated with 0.03 µM and 0.015 µM of DiRu-1 corresponding to full and half IC(50) doses, respectively, to investigate the mode of action of this ruthenium complex. The resulting changes in the metabolic profile of the cell lines were studied using HR-MAS NMR of cell lysates and a subsequent statistical analysis. We show that DiRu-1 in a 0.03 µM dose has significant impact on the levels of a number of metabolites, such as glutamine, glutamate, glutathione, cysteine, lipid, creatine, lactate, and acetate, especially pronounced in the A2780cisR cell line. The IC(50)/2 dose shows some significant changes, but full IC(50) appears to be necessary to observe the full effect. Overall, the metabolic changes observed suggest that redox homeostasis, the Warburg effect, and the lipid metabolism are affected by DiRu-1.