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Antioxidant Protection from UV- and Light-Stress Related to Carotenoid Structures
This review summarizes studies of protection against singlet oxygen and radical damage by carotenoids. The main focus is on how substitutions of the carotenoid molecules determine high antioxidant activities such as singlet oxygen quenching and radical scavenging. Applied assays were carried out eit...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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MDPI
2019
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6680902/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31336715 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8070219 |
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author | Sandmann, Gerhard |
author_facet | Sandmann, Gerhard |
author_sort | Sandmann, Gerhard |
collection | PubMed |
description | This review summarizes studies of protection against singlet oxygen and radical damage by carotenoids. The main focus is on how substitutions of the carotenoid molecules determine high antioxidant activities such as singlet oxygen quenching and radical scavenging. Applied assays were carried out either in vitro in solvents or with liposomes, and in a few cases with living organisms. In the latter, protection by carotenoids especially of photosynthesis against light- and UV-stress is of major importance, but also heterotrophic organisms suffer from high light and UV exposure which can be alleviated by carotenoids. Carotenoids to be compared include C(30), C(40) and C(50) molecules either acyclic, monocyclic or bicyclic with different substitutions including sugar and fatty acid moieties. Although some studies are difficult to compare, there is a tendency towards mono and bicyclic carotenoids with keto groups at C-4/C-4’ and the longest possible polyene structure functions to act best in singlet oxygen quenching and radical scavenging. Size of the carotenoid and lipophilic substituents such as fatty acids seem to be of minor importance for their activity but hydroxyl groups at an acyclic end and especially glycosylation of these hydroxyl groups enhance carotenoid activity. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6680902 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2019 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-66809022019-08-09 Antioxidant Protection from UV- and Light-Stress Related to Carotenoid Structures Sandmann, Gerhard Antioxidants (Basel) Review This review summarizes studies of protection against singlet oxygen and radical damage by carotenoids. The main focus is on how substitutions of the carotenoid molecules determine high antioxidant activities such as singlet oxygen quenching and radical scavenging. Applied assays were carried out either in vitro in solvents or with liposomes, and in a few cases with living organisms. In the latter, protection by carotenoids especially of photosynthesis against light- and UV-stress is of major importance, but also heterotrophic organisms suffer from high light and UV exposure which can be alleviated by carotenoids. Carotenoids to be compared include C(30), C(40) and C(50) molecules either acyclic, monocyclic or bicyclic with different substitutions including sugar and fatty acid moieties. Although some studies are difficult to compare, there is a tendency towards mono and bicyclic carotenoids with keto groups at C-4/C-4’ and the longest possible polyene structure functions to act best in singlet oxygen quenching and radical scavenging. Size of the carotenoid and lipophilic substituents such as fatty acids seem to be of minor importance for their activity but hydroxyl groups at an acyclic end and especially glycosylation of these hydroxyl groups enhance carotenoid activity. MDPI 2019-07-11 /pmc/articles/PMC6680902/ /pubmed/31336715 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8070219 Text en © 2019 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Sandmann, Gerhard Antioxidant Protection from UV- and Light-Stress Related to Carotenoid Structures |
title | Antioxidant Protection from UV- and Light-Stress Related to Carotenoid Structures |
title_full | Antioxidant Protection from UV- and Light-Stress Related to Carotenoid Structures |
title_fullStr | Antioxidant Protection from UV- and Light-Stress Related to Carotenoid Structures |
title_full_unstemmed | Antioxidant Protection from UV- and Light-Stress Related to Carotenoid Structures |
title_short | Antioxidant Protection from UV- and Light-Stress Related to Carotenoid Structures |
title_sort | antioxidant protection from uv- and light-stress related to carotenoid structures |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6680902/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31336715 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8070219 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT sandmanngerhard antioxidantprotectionfromuvandlightstressrelatedtocarotenoidstructures |