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Right heart in pulmonary hypertension: from adaptation to failure

Right ventricular (RV) failure (RVF) has garnered significant attention in recent years because of its negative impact on clinical outcomes in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH). PH triggers a series of events, including activation of several signaling pathways that regulate cell growth, meta...

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Autores principales: Ren, Xianfeng, Johns, Roger A., Gao, Wei Dong
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: SAGE Publications 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6681271/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30942134
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2045894019845611
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author Ren, Xianfeng
Johns, Roger A.
Gao, Wei Dong
author_facet Ren, Xianfeng
Johns, Roger A.
Gao, Wei Dong
author_sort Ren, Xianfeng
collection PubMed
description Right ventricular (RV) failure (RVF) has garnered significant attention in recent years because of its negative impact on clinical outcomes in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH). PH triggers a series of events, including activation of several signaling pathways that regulate cell growth, metabolism, extracellular matrix remodeling, and energy production. These processes render the RV adaptive to PH. However, RVF develops when PH persists, accompanied by RV ischemia, alterations in substrate and mitochondrial energy metabolism, increased free oxygen radicals, increased cell loss, downregulation of adrenergic receptors, increased inflammation and fibrosis, and pathologic microRNAs. Diastolic dysfunction is also an integral part of RVF. Emerging non-invasive technologies such as molecular or metallic imaging, cardiac MRI, and ultrafast Doppler coronary flow mapping will be valuable tools to monitor RVF, especially the transition to RVF. Most PH therapies cannot treat RVF once it has occurred. A variety of therapies are available to treat acute and chronic RVF, but they are mainly supportive, and no effective therapy directly targets the failing RV. Therapies that target cell growth, cellular metabolism, oxidative stress, and myocyte regeneration are being tested preclinically. Future research should include establishing novel RVF models based on existing models, increasing use of human samples, creating human stem cell-based in vitro models, and characterizing alterations in cardiac excitation–contraction coupling during transition from adaptive RV to RVF. More successful strategies to manage RVF will likely be developed as we learn more about the transition from adaptive remodeling to maladaptive RVF in the future.
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spelling pubmed-66812712019-08-19 Right heart in pulmonary hypertension: from adaptation to failure Ren, Xianfeng Johns, Roger A. Gao, Wei Dong Pulm Circ Review Article Right ventricular (RV) failure (RVF) has garnered significant attention in recent years because of its negative impact on clinical outcomes in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH). PH triggers a series of events, including activation of several signaling pathways that regulate cell growth, metabolism, extracellular matrix remodeling, and energy production. These processes render the RV adaptive to PH. However, RVF develops when PH persists, accompanied by RV ischemia, alterations in substrate and mitochondrial energy metabolism, increased free oxygen radicals, increased cell loss, downregulation of adrenergic receptors, increased inflammation and fibrosis, and pathologic microRNAs. Diastolic dysfunction is also an integral part of RVF. Emerging non-invasive technologies such as molecular or metallic imaging, cardiac MRI, and ultrafast Doppler coronary flow mapping will be valuable tools to monitor RVF, especially the transition to RVF. Most PH therapies cannot treat RVF once it has occurred. A variety of therapies are available to treat acute and chronic RVF, but they are mainly supportive, and no effective therapy directly targets the failing RV. Therapies that target cell growth, cellular metabolism, oxidative stress, and myocyte regeneration are being tested preclinically. Future research should include establishing novel RVF models based on existing models, increasing use of human samples, creating human stem cell-based in vitro models, and characterizing alterations in cardiac excitation–contraction coupling during transition from adaptive RV to RVF. More successful strategies to manage RVF will likely be developed as we learn more about the transition from adaptive remodeling to maladaptive RVF in the future. SAGE Publications 2019-08-02 /pmc/articles/PMC6681271/ /pubmed/30942134 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2045894019845611 Text en © The Author(s) 2019 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Creative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).
spellingShingle Review Article
Ren, Xianfeng
Johns, Roger A.
Gao, Wei Dong
Right heart in pulmonary hypertension: from adaptation to failure
title Right heart in pulmonary hypertension: from adaptation to failure
title_full Right heart in pulmonary hypertension: from adaptation to failure
title_fullStr Right heart in pulmonary hypertension: from adaptation to failure
title_full_unstemmed Right heart in pulmonary hypertension: from adaptation to failure
title_short Right heart in pulmonary hypertension: from adaptation to failure
title_sort right heart in pulmonary hypertension: from adaptation to failure
topic Review Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6681271/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30942134
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2045894019845611
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