Mechano-signalling, induced by fullerene C(60) nanofilms, arrests the cell cycle in the G2/M phase and decreases proliferation of liver cancer cells

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) changes the physicochemical properties and dysregulates ECM–cell interactions, leading to several pathological conditions, such as invasive cancer. Carbon nanofilm, as a biocompatible and easy to functionalize material, could be used to mimic ECM structures, changing cancer cell behavior to perform like normal cells. METHODS: Experiments were performed in vitro with HS-5 cells (as a control) and HepG2 and C3A cancer cells. An aqueous solution of fullerene C(60) was used to form a nanofilm. The morphological properties of cells cultivated on C(60) nanofilms were evaluated with light, confocal, electron and atomic force microscopy. The cell viability and proliferation were measured by XTT and BrdU assays. Immunoblotting and flow cytometry were used to evaluate the expression level of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and determine the number of cells in the G2/M phase. RESULTS: All cell lines were spread on C(60) nanofilms, showing a high affinity to the nanofilm surface. We found that C(60) nanofilm mimicked the niche/ECM of cells, was biocompatible and non-toxic, but the mechanical signal from C(60) nanofilm created an environment that affected the cell cycle and reduced cell proliferation. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that C(60) nanofilms might be a suitable, substitute component for the niche of cancer cells. The incorporation of fullerene C(60) in the ECM/niche may be an alternative treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma.