X-ray Imaging Analysis of Silo Flow Parameters Based on Trace Particles Using Targeted Crowdsourcing †

This paper presents a novel method for tomographic measurement and data analysis based on crowdsourcing. X-ray radiography imaging was initially applied to determine silo flow parameters. We used traced particles immersed in the bulk to investigate gravitational silo flow. The reconstructed images were not perfect, due to inhomogeneous silo filling and nonlinear attenuation of the X-rays on the way to the detector. Automatic processing of such data is not feasible. Therefore, we used crowdsourcing for human-driven annotation of the trace particles. As we aimed to extract meaningful flow parameters, we developed a modified crowdsourcing annotation method, focusing on selected important areas of the silo pictures only. We call this method “targeted crowdsourcing”, and it enables more efficient crowd work, as it is focused on the most important areas of the image that allow determination of the flow parameters. The results show that it is possible to analyze volumetric material structure movement based on 2D radiography data showing the location and movement of tiny metal trace particles. A quantitative description of the flow obtained from the horizontal and vertical velocity components was derived for different parts of the model silo volume. Targeting the attention of crowd workers towards either a specific zone or a particular particle speeds up the pre-processing stage while preserving the same quality of the output, quantified by important flow parameters.