Meloidogyne graminicola protein disulfide isomerase may be a nematode effector and is involved in protection against oxidative damage

The rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola, is a serious pest in most rice-growing countries. Usually, nematodes employ antioxidants to counteract the harm of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and facilitate their infection. Here the gene encoding M. graminicola protein disulphide isomerase (MgPDI) was identified. The deduced protein is highly conserved in the putative active-site Cys-Gly-His-Cys. In situ hybridization showed that MgPDI was specifically localized within esophageal glands of pre-parasitic second stage juveniles (J2s). MgPDI was significantly up-regulated in the late parasitic J2s. Characterization of the recombinant protein showed that the purified MgPDI exhibited similar activities to other oxidases/isomerases such as the refolding of the scrambled RNase and insulin disulfide reductase and the protection of plasmid DNA and living cells from ROS damage. In addition, silencing of MgPDI by RNA interference in the pre-parasitic J2s lowered their multiplication factor. MgPDI expression was up-regulated in the presence of exogenous H(2)O(2), whereas MgPDI silencing resulted in an increase in mortality under H(2)O(2) stress. MgPDI is localized in the apoplast when transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The results indicated that MgPDI plays important roles in the reproduction and pathogenicity of M. graminicola and it also contributes to protecting nematodes from exogenous H(2)O(2) stress.