The Levels of Vitamin D, Metalloproteinase-9 and Tissue Inhibitor Metalloproteinase-1 in COPD Patients, Healthy Smokers and Non-Smokers of Indonesian Citizens

BACKGROUND: Exposure to cigarette smoke may stimulate the inflammatory response and activate polymorphonuclear leukocytes, thus resulting in secretion of cellular proteases. Vitamin D has the potential to modulate the inflammatory response to harmful particles in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). AIM: This study aimed to determine the levels of vitamin D, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 in COPD subjects, healthy smokers and nonsmokers of Indonesian citizens METHODS: Seventy-eight male subjects took part in this study. They comprised three groups, i.e. COPD (n = 26), healthy smokers (n = 25) and healthy non-smokers (n = 27). Serum 25(OHD) levels, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 concentrations measured by electrochemiluminescence binding assay (ECLIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: The levels of vitamin D in COPD (21.96 ± 6.62ng/mL) and healthy smokers (27.87 ± 7.08 ng/mL) were significantly (p < 0.001) lower compared to that in healthy non-smokers (31.71 ± 9.24 ng/mL). On contrary, the levels of MMP-9 in COPD (11.98 ± 41.54 ng/mL) was significantly (p = 0.003) higher compared to that in healthy smokers (2.23 ± 3.39 ng/mL) and healthy non-smokers (0.89 ± 1.12 ng/mL). Whereas the levels of TIMP-1 in healthy smokers (24.64 ± 57.77 ng/mL) was significantly (p < 0.001) lower compared to that in COPD (58.40 ± 77.53 ng/mL) and healthy non-smokers (46,54 ± 71,48 ng/mL). CONCLUSION: The present study showed the lowest level of vitamin D, the highest level of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in the COPD subjects.