Recurrent anti-GBM disease with T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia: A case report

RATIONALE: Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease (anti-GBM disease) is a rare small vessel vasculitis caused by autoantibodies directed against the glomerular and alveolar basement membranes. Anti-GBM disease is usually a monophasic illness and relapse is rare after effective treatment. This article reports a case of coexistence of recurrent anti-GBM disease and T-cell large granular lymphocytic (T-LGL) leukemia. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 37-year-old man presented with hematuria, edema, and acute kidney injury for 2 months. DIAGNOSIS: Anti-GBM disease was diagnosed by renal biopsy, in which crescentic glomerulonephritis was observed with light microscopy, strong linear immunofluorescent staining for immunoglobulin G on the GBM and positive serum anti-GBM antibody. Given this diagnosis, the patient was treated with plasmapheresis, steroids, and cyclophosphamide for 4 months. The anti-GBM antibody titer was maintained to negative level but the patient remained dialysis-dependent. One year later, the patient suffered with a relapse of anti-GBM disease, after an extensive examination, he was further diagnosed T-LGL leukemia by accident. INTERVENTIONS: The patient received cyclosporine A therapy for T-LGL leukemia. OUTCOMES: After treatment with cyclosporine A, serum anti-GBM antibody became undetectable. During the 16 months follow-up, anti-GBM titer remained normal and abnormal T-lymphocytes in the bone marrow and peripheral blood were also decreased. LESSONS: T-LGL leukemia is an indolent lymphoproliferative disorder that represents a monoclonal expansion of cytotoxic T cells, which has been reported to be accompanied by some autoimmune diseases. This is the first report of coincidence of T-LGL leukemia and anti-GBM disease, and suggests there are some relationships between these 2 diseases. Clinical physicians should exclude hematological tumors when faced with recurrent anti-GBM disease.