The Role of Iron in the P-Acquisition Mechanisms of the Unicellular N(2)-Fixing Cyanobacteria Halothece sp., Found in Association With the Mediterranean Seagrass Posidonia oceanica

Posidonia oceanica, an endemic seagrass of the Mediterranean Sea harbors a high diversity of N(2)-fixing prokaryotes. One of these is Halothece sp., a unicellular N(2)-fixing cyanobacteria detected through nifH analysis from the epiphytes of P. oceanica. The most related strain in culture is Halothece sp. PCC 7418 and this was used as the test organism in this study. In the Mediterranean Sea, phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) can be the major limiting nutrients for N(2) fixation. However, information about the mechanisms of P-acquisition and the role of metals (i.e., Fe) in these processes for N(2)-fixing bacteria is scarce. From our genomic analyses of the test organism and other phylogenetically related N(2)-fixing strains, Halothece sp. PCC 7418 is one of the strains with the greatest number of gene copies (eight copies) of alkaline phosphatases (APases). Our structural analysis of PhoD (alkaline phosphatase type D) and PhoU (phosphate acquisition regulator) of Halothece sp. PCC 7418 showed the connection among metals (Ca(2+) and Fe(3+)), and the P-acquisition mechanisms. Here, we measured the rates of alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) through MUF-P hydrolysis under different combinations of concentrations of inorganic P ([Formula: see text]) and Fe in experiments under N(2)-fixing (low [Formula: see text] availability) and non-N(2) fixing (high [Formula: see text] availability) conditions. Our results showed that APA rates were enhanced by the increase in Fe availability under low levels of [Formula: see text] , especially under N(2)-fixing conditions. Moreover, the increased [Formula: see text]-uptake was reflected in the increased of the P-cellular content of the cells under N(2) fixation conditions. We also found a positive significant relationship between cellular P and cellular Fe content of the cells (r(2) = 0.71, p < 0.05). Our results also indicated that Fe-uptake in Halothece sp. PCC 7418 was P and Fe-dependent. This study gives first insights of P-acquisition mechanisms in the N(2)-fixing cyanobacteria (Halothece sp.) found in P. oceanica and highlights the role of Fe in these processes.