miR‐499 released during myocardial infarction causes endothelial injury by targeting α7‐nAchR

The surged systemic vascular inflammation after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) aggravates the atherosclerotic endothelial injury. To explore roles of miR‐499 released from cardiomyocytes during AMI in endothelial injury. Using qPCR and ELISA, we discovered that patients with AMI had significantly increased plasma miR‐499, which was directly correlated with serum thrombomodulin, a marker for endothelial injury. Plasma of AMI patients, when incubated with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), significantly increased the expression of endothelial injury markers, which could be abrogated by antagomiR‐499. In vitro, neonatal rat cardiomyocytes subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation (HX/R) released miR‐499 that could be internalized into rat pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (RPMECs), worsening the high glucose‐induced injury. In silico analysis demonstrated that CHRNA7 encoding α7‐nAchR is a target of miR‐499, which was validated in cell lines expressing endogenous α7‐nAchR. In high glucose‐induced RPMECs injury model, miR‐499 aggravated, whereas forced CHRNA7 expression ameliorated the injury. Moreover, the perfusate from Langendorff perfused rat heart subjected to HX/R contained higher level of miR‐499 that significantly impaired the Bradykinin‐mediated endothelium‐dependent relaxation in both conduit and resistance arteries, which could be partially abrogated by antagomiR‐499. Finally, the correlation between plasma miR‐499 and endothelial injury was further confirmed in another cohort of AMI patients. We conclude that miR‐499 released from injured cardiomyocytes contributes to the endothelial injury by targeting α7‐nAchR. This study implies that miR‐499 may serve as a potential target for the treatment of the surged vascular inflammation post‐AMI.