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Microglial subtypes: diversity within the microglial community
Microglia are brain‐resident macrophages forming the first active immune barrier in the central nervous system. They fulfill multiple functions across development and adulthood and under disease conditions. Current understanding revolves around microglia acquiring distinct phenotypes upon exposure t...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
John Wiley and Sons Inc.
2019
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6717890/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31373067 http://dx.doi.org/10.15252/embj.2019101997 |
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author | Stratoulias, Vassilis Venero, Jose Luis Tremblay, Marie‐Ève Joseph, Bertrand |
author_facet | Stratoulias, Vassilis Venero, Jose Luis Tremblay, Marie‐Ève Joseph, Bertrand |
author_sort | Stratoulias, Vassilis |
collection | PubMed |
description | Microglia are brain‐resident macrophages forming the first active immune barrier in the central nervous system. They fulfill multiple functions across development and adulthood and under disease conditions. Current understanding revolves around microglia acquiring distinct phenotypes upon exposure to extrinsic cues in their environment. However, emerging evidence suggests that microglia display differences in their functions that are not exclusively driven by their milieu, rather by the unique properties these cells possess. This microglial intrinsic heterogeneity has been largely overlooked, favoring the prevailing view that microglia are a single‐cell type endowed with spectacular plasticity, allowing them to acquire multiple phenotypes and thereby fulfill their numerous functions in health and disease. Here, we review the evidence that microglia might form a community of cells in which each member (or “subtype”) displays intrinsic properties and performs unique functions. Distinctive features and functional implications of several microglial subtypes are considered, across contexts of health and disease. Finally, we suggest that microglial subtype categorization shall be based on function and we propose ways for studying them. Hence, we advocate that plasticity (reaction states) and diversity (subtypes) should both be considered when studying the multitasking microglia. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6717890 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2019 |
publisher | John Wiley and Sons Inc. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-67178902019-09-06 Microglial subtypes: diversity within the microglial community Stratoulias, Vassilis Venero, Jose Luis Tremblay, Marie‐Ève Joseph, Bertrand EMBO J Review Microglia are brain‐resident macrophages forming the first active immune barrier in the central nervous system. They fulfill multiple functions across development and adulthood and under disease conditions. Current understanding revolves around microglia acquiring distinct phenotypes upon exposure to extrinsic cues in their environment. However, emerging evidence suggests that microglia display differences in their functions that are not exclusively driven by their milieu, rather by the unique properties these cells possess. This microglial intrinsic heterogeneity has been largely overlooked, favoring the prevailing view that microglia are a single‐cell type endowed with spectacular plasticity, allowing them to acquire multiple phenotypes and thereby fulfill their numerous functions in health and disease. Here, we review the evidence that microglia might form a community of cells in which each member (or “subtype”) displays intrinsic properties and performs unique functions. Distinctive features and functional implications of several microglial subtypes are considered, across contexts of health and disease. Finally, we suggest that microglial subtype categorization shall be based on function and we propose ways for studying them. Hence, we advocate that plasticity (reaction states) and diversity (subtypes) should both be considered when studying the multitasking microglia. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2019-08-02 2019-09-02 /pmc/articles/PMC6717890/ /pubmed/31373067 http://dx.doi.org/10.15252/embj.2019101997 Text en © 2019 The Authors. Published under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Review Stratoulias, Vassilis Venero, Jose Luis Tremblay, Marie‐Ève Joseph, Bertrand Microglial subtypes: diversity within the microglial community |
title | Microglial subtypes: diversity within the microglial community |
title_full | Microglial subtypes: diversity within the microglial community |
title_fullStr | Microglial subtypes: diversity within the microglial community |
title_full_unstemmed | Microglial subtypes: diversity within the microglial community |
title_short | Microglial subtypes: diversity within the microglial community |
title_sort | microglial subtypes: diversity within the microglial community |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6717890/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31373067 http://dx.doi.org/10.15252/embj.2019101997 |
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