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Electrical Stimulation of the Mesencephalic Locomotor Region Has No Impact on Blood–Brain Barrier Alterations after Cerebral Photothrombosis in Rats

Blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption is a critical event after ischemic stroke, which results in edema formation and hemorrhagic transformation of infarcted tissue. BBB dysfunction following stroke is partly mediated by proinflammatory agents. We recently have shown that high frequency stimulation o...

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Autores principales: Schuhmann, Michael K., Stoll, Guido, Papp, Lena, Bohr, Arne, Volkmann, Jens, Fluri, Felix
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6719928/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31430854
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20164036
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author Schuhmann, Michael K.
Stoll, Guido
Papp, Lena
Bohr, Arne
Volkmann, Jens
Fluri, Felix
author_facet Schuhmann, Michael K.
Stoll, Guido
Papp, Lena
Bohr, Arne
Volkmann, Jens
Fluri, Felix
author_sort Schuhmann, Michael K.
collection PubMed
description Blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption is a critical event after ischemic stroke, which results in edema formation and hemorrhagic transformation of infarcted tissue. BBB dysfunction following stroke is partly mediated by proinflammatory agents. We recently have shown that high frequency stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR-HFS) exerts an antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory effect in the border zone of cerebral photothrombotic stroke in rats. Whether MLR-HFS also has an impact on BBB dysfunction in the early stage of stroke is unknown. In this study, rats were subjected to photothrombotic stroke of the sensorimotor cortex and implantation of a stimulating microelectrode into the ipsilesional MLR. Thereafter, either HFS or sham stimulation of the MLR was applied for 24 h. After scarifying the rats, BBB disruption was assessed by determining albumin extravasation and tight junction integrity (claudin 3, claudin 5, and occludin) using Western blot analyses and immunohistochemistry. In addition, by applying zymography, expression of pro-metalloproteinase-9 (pro-MMP-9) was analyzed. No differences were found regarding infarct size and BBB dysfunction between stimulated and unstimulated animals 24 h after induction of stroke. Our results indicate that MLR-HFS neither improves nor worsens the damaged BBB after stroke. Attenuating cytokines/chemokines in the perilesional area, as mediated by MLR-HFS, tend to play a less significant role in preventing the BBB integrity.
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spelling pubmed-67199282019-09-10 Electrical Stimulation of the Mesencephalic Locomotor Region Has No Impact on Blood–Brain Barrier Alterations after Cerebral Photothrombosis in Rats Schuhmann, Michael K. Stoll, Guido Papp, Lena Bohr, Arne Volkmann, Jens Fluri, Felix Int J Mol Sci Article Blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption is a critical event after ischemic stroke, which results in edema formation and hemorrhagic transformation of infarcted tissue. BBB dysfunction following stroke is partly mediated by proinflammatory agents. We recently have shown that high frequency stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR-HFS) exerts an antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory effect in the border zone of cerebral photothrombotic stroke in rats. Whether MLR-HFS also has an impact on BBB dysfunction in the early stage of stroke is unknown. In this study, rats were subjected to photothrombotic stroke of the sensorimotor cortex and implantation of a stimulating microelectrode into the ipsilesional MLR. Thereafter, either HFS or sham stimulation of the MLR was applied for 24 h. After scarifying the rats, BBB disruption was assessed by determining albumin extravasation and tight junction integrity (claudin 3, claudin 5, and occludin) using Western blot analyses and immunohistochemistry. In addition, by applying zymography, expression of pro-metalloproteinase-9 (pro-MMP-9) was analyzed. No differences were found regarding infarct size and BBB dysfunction between stimulated and unstimulated animals 24 h after induction of stroke. Our results indicate that MLR-HFS neither improves nor worsens the damaged BBB after stroke. Attenuating cytokines/chemokines in the perilesional area, as mediated by MLR-HFS, tend to play a less significant role in preventing the BBB integrity. MDPI 2019-08-19 /pmc/articles/PMC6719928/ /pubmed/31430854 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20164036 Text en © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Schuhmann, Michael K.
Stoll, Guido
Papp, Lena
Bohr, Arne
Volkmann, Jens
Fluri, Felix
Electrical Stimulation of the Mesencephalic Locomotor Region Has No Impact on Blood–Brain Barrier Alterations after Cerebral Photothrombosis in Rats
title Electrical Stimulation of the Mesencephalic Locomotor Region Has No Impact on Blood–Brain Barrier Alterations after Cerebral Photothrombosis in Rats
title_full Electrical Stimulation of the Mesencephalic Locomotor Region Has No Impact on Blood–Brain Barrier Alterations after Cerebral Photothrombosis in Rats
title_fullStr Electrical Stimulation of the Mesencephalic Locomotor Region Has No Impact on Blood–Brain Barrier Alterations after Cerebral Photothrombosis in Rats
title_full_unstemmed Electrical Stimulation of the Mesencephalic Locomotor Region Has No Impact on Blood–Brain Barrier Alterations after Cerebral Photothrombosis in Rats
title_short Electrical Stimulation of the Mesencephalic Locomotor Region Has No Impact on Blood–Brain Barrier Alterations after Cerebral Photothrombosis in Rats
title_sort electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region has no impact on blood–brain barrier alterations after cerebral photothrombosis in rats
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6719928/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31430854
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20164036
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