Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Influence of Lithium Bromide on the Structure of the Aqueous Solution–Air Interface

[Image: see text] We present the results of ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of the solution–air interface of aqueous lithium bromide (LiBr). We find that, in agreement with the experimental data and previous simulation results with empirical polarizable force field models, Br(–) anions prefer to accumulate just below the first molecular water layer near the interface, whereas Li(+) cations remain deeply buried several molecular layers from the interface, even at very high concentration. The separation of ions has a profound effect on the average orientation of water molecules in the vicinity of the interface. We also find that the hydration number of Li(+) cations in the center of the slab N(c,Li(+)–H(2)O) ≈ 4.7 ± 0.3, regardless of the salt concentration. This estimate is consistent with the recent experimental neutron scattering data, confirming that results from nonpolarizable empirical models, which consistently predict tetrahedral coordination of Li(+) to four solvent molecules, are incorrect. Consequently, disruption of the hydrogen bond network caused by Li(+) may be overestimated in nonpolarizable empirical models. Overall, our results suggest that empirical models, in particular nonpolarizable models, may not capture all of the properties of the solution–air interface necessary to fully understand the interfacial chemistry.