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The “virtual lesion” approach to transcranial magnetic stimulation: studying the brain–behavioral relationships in experimental pain

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be used to create a temporary “virtual lesion” (VL) of a target cortical area, disrupting its function and associated behavior. Transcranial magnetic stimulation can therefore test the functional role of specific brain areas. This scoping review aims at in...

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Autores principales: Weissman-Fogel, Irit, Granovsky, Yelena
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Wolters Kluwer 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6728008/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31579852
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PR9.0000000000000760
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author Weissman-Fogel, Irit
Granovsky, Yelena
author_facet Weissman-Fogel, Irit
Granovsky, Yelena
author_sort Weissman-Fogel, Irit
collection PubMed
description Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be used to create a temporary “virtual lesion” (VL) of a target cortical area, disrupting its function and associated behavior. Transcranial magnetic stimulation can therefore test the functional role of specific brain areas. This scoping review aims at investigating the current literature of the “online” TMS-evoked VL approach to studying brain–behavioral relationships during experimental pain in healthy subjects. Ovid-Medline, Embase, and Web of Science electronic databases were searched. Included studies tested different TMS-based VLs of various pain brain areas during continuous experimental pain or when time-locked to a noxious stimulus. Outcome measures assessed different pain measurements. Initial screening resulted in a total of 403 studies, of which 17 studies were included in the review. The VLs were directed to the prefrontal, primary and secondary somatosensory, primary motor, and parietal cortices through single/double/triple/sequence of five-TMS pulses or through repeated TMS during mechanical, electrical contact, radiant heat, or capsaicin-evoked noxious stimulation. Despite a wide variability among the VL protocols, outcome measures, and study designs, a behavioral VL effect (decrease or increase in pain responses) was achieved in the majority of the studies. However, such findings on the relationships between the modified brain activity and the manifested pain characteristics were often mixed. To conclude, TMS–elicited VLs during experimental pain empower our understanding of brain–behavior relationships at specific time points during pain processing. The mixed findings of these relationships call for an obligatory standard of all pain-related TMS protocols for clearly determining the magnitude and direction of TMS-induced behavioral effects.
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spelling pubmed-67280082019-10-02 The “virtual lesion” approach to transcranial magnetic stimulation: studying the brain–behavioral relationships in experimental pain Weissman-Fogel, Irit Granovsky, Yelena Pain Rep Special Issue on Innovations and Controversies in Brain Imaging of Pain: Methods and Interpretations Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be used to create a temporary “virtual lesion” (VL) of a target cortical area, disrupting its function and associated behavior. Transcranial magnetic stimulation can therefore test the functional role of specific brain areas. This scoping review aims at investigating the current literature of the “online” TMS-evoked VL approach to studying brain–behavioral relationships during experimental pain in healthy subjects. Ovid-Medline, Embase, and Web of Science electronic databases were searched. Included studies tested different TMS-based VLs of various pain brain areas during continuous experimental pain or when time-locked to a noxious stimulus. Outcome measures assessed different pain measurements. Initial screening resulted in a total of 403 studies, of which 17 studies were included in the review. The VLs were directed to the prefrontal, primary and secondary somatosensory, primary motor, and parietal cortices through single/double/triple/sequence of five-TMS pulses or through repeated TMS during mechanical, electrical contact, radiant heat, or capsaicin-evoked noxious stimulation. Despite a wide variability among the VL protocols, outcome measures, and study designs, a behavioral VL effect (decrease or increase in pain responses) was achieved in the majority of the studies. However, such findings on the relationships between the modified brain activity and the manifested pain characteristics were often mixed. To conclude, TMS–elicited VLs during experimental pain empower our understanding of brain–behavior relationships at specific time points during pain processing. The mixed findings of these relationships call for an obligatory standard of all pain-related TMS protocols for clearly determining the magnitude and direction of TMS-induced behavioral effects. Wolters Kluwer 2019-08-07 /pmc/articles/PMC6728008/ /pubmed/31579852 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PR9.0000000000000760 Text en Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of The International Association for the Study of Pain. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CCBY) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Special Issue on Innovations and Controversies in Brain Imaging of Pain: Methods and Interpretations
Weissman-Fogel, Irit
Granovsky, Yelena
The “virtual lesion” approach to transcranial magnetic stimulation: studying the brain–behavioral relationships in experimental pain
title The “virtual lesion” approach to transcranial magnetic stimulation: studying the brain–behavioral relationships in experimental pain
title_full The “virtual lesion” approach to transcranial magnetic stimulation: studying the brain–behavioral relationships in experimental pain
title_fullStr The “virtual lesion” approach to transcranial magnetic stimulation: studying the brain–behavioral relationships in experimental pain
title_full_unstemmed The “virtual lesion” approach to transcranial magnetic stimulation: studying the brain–behavioral relationships in experimental pain
title_short The “virtual lesion” approach to transcranial magnetic stimulation: studying the brain–behavioral relationships in experimental pain
title_sort “virtual lesion” approach to transcranial magnetic stimulation: studying the brain–behavioral relationships in experimental pain
topic Special Issue on Innovations and Controversies in Brain Imaging of Pain: Methods and Interpretations
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6728008/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31579852
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PR9.0000000000000760
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